Sociology Flashcards
Where did the word sociology come from?
logos- study of society
socius- companion or being w others
Sociology def
scientific study of human behaviour. science of society and social interactions
Sociological imagination def
based on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues
it opens a window into unfamiliar worlds, it is a view of the world
Charac of SI
Focus on: collectivity totality meaning context
Sociological Inquiry def
systematic analysis of motivations and behaviour of individuals and social groups
prime concern of sociologic inquiry
analysis of social action
intervening variable
cannot be manipulated
Methods for inquiry
sample survey case study cohort study interview-experimental participatory/non-participatory crosscultural
early socialist that theorised sociology
Claude saint-simone
Sorted human efforts to comprehend society into 3 stages
Aguste Comte
Comte’s 3 stages
Theological stage
Metaphysical stage
Scientific stage
Events that led to the development of socialogy
- social upheaval in europe
- development of imperialism
- successor the natural sciences
father of socialogy
Auguste comte
Law of dynamics
social change
Law od statics
social order
Herbert spencer
survival fittest- social darwinism
focus should be on evolution
Karl Marx
class conflict should take active steps to change society
Max weber
Protestant ethic
not economics at the centre but religion
protestant is betted economic development
introduced ideal type
one of the founders of symbolic interactionism
Emile durkheim
social behaviour must be understood within a larger social context
group or society is the central object of sociologic study
concept of social integration
introduced ANOMIE
ANOMIE
a feeling of out of place not belonging or having lost sense of direction purpose in life
Harriet martineau
translated comte’s works
emphasis on scrutinising on race, status and gender
women’s liberation
George herbert mead
developed symbolic interactionism
Talcott parsons
formalised theory of structural functionalism
Symbolic interactionism theory
human being live in a world of meaningful objects. Symbols are an important part of communication.
Structural functionalism theory
Society is composed of different part each of which have function that when fulfilled contributes to society’s equilibrium
Society is composed of social structures
Social structure
relatively stable pattern of social behavior
Each social structure has ___
social function consequences of the social pattern fro the operation of society
2 types of functions (FS)
manifest and latent
Conflict theory
based on the assumption that society is characterised by inequality and conflict that generate change
society as groups competing for scarce resources
1st to have a PHD in sociology in the PH
Serafin Macaraig
Emergence of empirical sociologic research in the PH
1960-1970’s
general types of research
basic- for the sake of theory
applied- how study can be used
practical/action- continues in to actual intervention
Aims of socialization
teach fundamentals of life instill values transmit skills fulfill social roles develop into socially functioning person means of social control
agents of socialization
family peer school work place church media gender concepts
Gender
personal traits and social position attached to being male or female
sexuality
STATE OF EITHER BEING MAKEOR FEMALE
Influences on gender
biological influence
cognitive influence
Sexism
endorsement of traditional gender roles
Androgyny
presence of both masculine and feminine trait in a person
RA for women
reproductive health law
anti-violence against women and children
promoting role of women in national development
Deviance
behaviour that does not conform to social norms
Norms
rules about what members of society should and should not do
norms are not absolute
Stigma
mark of moral disgrace
Picks out a particular characteristic and uses this to devalue a person’s whole social identity
crime
violation of norms written into law
social order
group’s usual social arrangements on which members depend and base their lives
social control
group’s means of forcing its norms
Anomie
breakdown in cultural structure that occurs when there is a acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals and the socially structured capacities of members to act in accord with them
types of deviance
primary
secondary- difficult returning into society
group- violation against a group norm
individual- conformity to a group but against society
functions of deviance
affirming cultural values and norms
clarifies moral boundaries
promotes social unity
encourages social change
dysfunction of deviance
disrupting social order
diverting resources to social control
undermining trust
undermining other people’s will to conform
3 theories of deviance
- biological- looks for answers within the individual. assumes genetic predisposition
- psychological theories- focuses in abnormalities within individual
- sociological theories- SI, FS, CP factors outside the individual
Differential associaltion theory (Becker)
deviant behaviour is learned the same way non deviant behaviour is learned
Labelling theory (Sutherland)
deviance is a result of others playing rules, sanctions or labels to particular reasons
Labelling theory primary and secodary deviance
- involvement of behaviour opposing the norms
2. stigmatization
Control theory (Hirschi)
Human being are deviant at heart
Control theory 4 elements of social bond in order to understand the effectivenss of inner controls
attachment
commitment
involvement
belief
Normality of Deviance (Durkheim)
Inevitable part of social life
functional in society because it contributes to social order
Conflict perspective
illegitimate opportunity structures: social class and crime the law as an instrument of oppression
4 types of social control
- internal- control through socialisation
- external- society’s effort to control behaviour
- Informal- interpersonal actions
- Formal- effort to bring about conformity to law by criminal justice system
6 types of crime
violent
white collar- high social status committed in the context of their occupation
corporate
organized
victimless- offense i s against society itself
street
4 justifications for punishment/formal control
retributions- pay back
deterence
rehabilitation
incapacitation- societal protection
Group types
primary groups- warm, intimate, long-term association
secondary- few emotional ties and limited interaction. more formal and impersonal based on some shared interest.
Gemeinschaft
Gesellschaft
Ingroup
Outgroup
Reference group- grip whose standard we refer to as evaluation. exerts strong influence in one’s identity
Gemeinschaft
(community) small traditional communities, primary group.
United by common ancestry or geographical closenss
Gesellschaft
(society) dominated by contractual and impersonal relationships
social bonds are voluntary and based on rational self-interest
Types of group leader
instrumental Expressive Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-fare
Basis of social cohesion
mechanical solidarity
organic solidarity- division of labor
clarification of social interaction
STRUCTURal
cultural
religios interaction
geographical interalktion
Conjunctive social process
a. conjunctive
cooperation- share responsibilities and goal
accommodation- adjustment of hostile individuals or groups. adjustments to conflicts in order to work together.
amalgamation- biological interbreeding of two peoples of distinct physical appearance until they become one stock
assimilaltion- process of interpretation and fusion in which persons and groups acquire the memories, sentiments, and attitudes other persons or groups by sharing their experience and history, incorporated in a cultural life
acculturation- significant change though mutual borrowings and adaptations by people of different cultures in contact with some continuity
Disjunctive social processes
conflict- approaches are arbitration or compromise
competition- personal or impersonal
social structure
Patterns around which society is organised
elements of social structure
status
role
Social status
position in a social system
building blocks of social structure
types of social structure
ascribed achieved master status set status incumbent status symbols status inconsistency
social role
expected patterns of behaviour attached to a given status
types of social role
role distancing role conflict role prescriptions role strain role exit
social stratification
system by which society ranks categories of people in hierarchy
Layers of stratification
slavery caste estate class clan
social class
large group of people who rank close to one another in terms of wealth power and prestige
either capitalist or workers
Karl marx on social class
based on means of production
MAX WEBER ON SOCIAL CLASS
based on property, power, prestige
social change
alterations in patterns of culture social structure and social behaviour, and relationships over time
theories of social change
evolutionary
cyclical
functionalist
conflict
Evolutionalry theories
societies gradually grow and develop from simple to complex
Social darwinism
spencer
domination of white race over non white
functionalist
focus on social statistics
composed of various parts which should compliment each other
Conflict theories
holds that change is caused by tensions between competing interests in society
1st social institution developed by man
family
family life cycle
love and courtship marriage childbirth child rearing family transitions
