Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a law or principle?

A

A statement that describes a natural phenomenon

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

Reasonable explanation of series of observed phenomenon

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3
Q

Fundamental quantity for length

A

Meter

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4
Q

Fundamental quantity for mass

A

Kilogram

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5
Q

Fundamental quantity for time

A

second

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6
Q

Fundamental quantity for temp

A

Kelvin

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7
Q

Fundamental quantity for electric current

A

Ampere

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8
Q

Fundamental quantity for luminous intensity

A

Candela

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9
Q

Fundamental quantity for molecular quantity/amount of substance

A

mole

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10
Q

Which of the fundamental quantities gets it’s basis from a block of platinum

A

Kilogram

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11
Q

What is a derived quantity?

A

Quantities formed from the 7 fundamental quantities`

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12
Q

Unit for force

A

Newton

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13
Q

Unit for work and energy

A

Joule

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14
Q

Electric Field

A

Newton per coulomb

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15
Q

Atomic Number is equal to

A

The number of protons

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16
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.02x10^23

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17
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Different number of neutrons

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18
Q

Accuracy

A

closeness to the actual value

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19
Q

Precision

A

closeness of measurements to each other

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20
Q

Instantaneous speed

A

d2-d1/t2-t1

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21
Q

Average velocity

A

xf-xi/tf-ti
with direction
xf>xi +
xf

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22
Q

Instantaneous acceleration

A

v2-v1/t2-t1

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23
Q

Looking for vf without distance (x)

A

Vf= Vo + at

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24
Q

Looking for vf with distance (x)

A

Vf^2= Vo^2 + 2a(Xf-Xo)

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25
Q

Looking for Xf with Vf without a

A

Xf= Xo + 1/2(Vf-Vo)t

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26
Q

Looking for Xf with a without Vf

A

Xf= Xo + Vot +1/2at^2

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27
Q

Describe velocity in freefall

A

Vi=Vf=Vmax

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28
Q

What is the velocity at Xmax in free fall?

A

O

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29
Q

What is acceleration in free fall?

A

gravity

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30
Q

Velocity along the x of projectile motion

A

constant

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31
Q

Velocity along the y in projectile

A

constantly changing

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32
Q

A along the y in projectile

A

constant (g)

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33
Q

Horizontal acceleration in projectile

A

0

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34
Q

Time of flight for projective

A

T1=T2

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35
Q

Law of inertia

A

Fnet=0

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36
Q

Inertia

A

Resistance to any change in state of motion

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37
Q

Measure of object’s inertia

A

Mass

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38
Q

Law of acceleration

A

F=ma

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39
Q

Most common force

A

Gravity

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40
Q

Force of gravitational attraction on an object

A

F(g)=mg=w

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41
Q

Force definition

A

push or pull

vector quantity

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42
Q

Law of action and reaction

A

Forces occur in pairs (equal but opposite force)

Fab=-Fba

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43
Q

3 Contact force

A

Normal, Tension, Friction

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44
Q

Normal force

A

perpendicular support force of a surface on an object

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45
Q

Tension

A

Pulling force on a hanging object

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46
Q

Friction

A

resistive force between two surfaces that are in contact or that move relative to each other

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47
Q

Equation for friction

A

f=uN

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48
Q

Two types of friction

A

Static (at rest)

Kinetic (in motion)

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49
Q

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

A
  1. law of orbits
  2. Law of areas
  3. Law of periods
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50
Q

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

A

Fg=Gx M1M2/r^2

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51
Q

Universal Gravitational constant (G)

A

G= 6.67 x10^-11

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52
Q

Acceleration due to gravity of a planet

A

g= G(Mplanet)(r^2planet)

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53
Q

Uniform circular motion definiton

A

Acceleration due to change in velocity in terms of direction

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54
Q

Centripital acceleration

A

a©= v^2/r

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55
Q

Centripital force

A

F©= mv^2/r

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56
Q

Direction of centripital force and acceleration

A

always toward the centre of circular path

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57
Q

Orbital Speed

A

v= /GM/D

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58
Q

Work definition

A

Product of force on the object and displacement parellel to the force
Scalar

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59
Q

Work equation

A
W= Fd
W= Fdcos(theta)
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60
Q

Types of work

A

positive= f and d are parallel
negative work= f and d are anti parallel
no work= f is 0, d is 0, or f and d are perpendicular

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61
Q

Unit of work

A

Joule

Newton Meter

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62
Q

Power definition

A

Rate of doing work

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63
Q

Power equation

A

Pave= W/t

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64
Q

Unit of power

A

Watt

Joules/second

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65
Q

Kinetic energy equation

A

KE= 1/2mv^2

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66
Q

Potential Energy definition

A

Energy by virtue of position

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67
Q

PE equation

A

PE= mgy

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68
Q

Types of potential energy

A

GPE

EPE

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69
Q

GPE Equation

A

GPE= mgh

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70
Q

EPE Equation

A

U= 1/2 kx^2
k is spring constant
x is displacement from rest position

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71
Q

Total mechanical energy equation

A

TME= KE + PE

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72
Q

Work-energy theorem defintion

A

change in energy of a system means work was done

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73
Q

Work (energy) equation

A

Wtotal= delta ME= delta PE + delta KE

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74
Q

Conservation of energy

A

delta KE= delta -U

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75
Q

Conservation of Mechanical energy

A

TME of isolated system remains unchanged
delta TME= 0
TMEi=TMEf

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76
Q

Momentum defintion

A

Quantity of motion

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77
Q

Momentum equation

A

p= mv
follows the direction of v
vector quantity

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78
Q

Impulse definition

A

change in momentum

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79
Q

Impulse equation

A

delta p= m(delta v)

J= Fave(delta t)

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80
Q

Force in terms of momentum

A

rate of change of momentum

F= (delta p)/(delta t)

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81
Q

Unit for impulse

A

N/sec or Kgm/sec

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82
Q

Conservation of momentum

A

linear momentum of system is constant

pi=pf

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83
Q

Collision def

A

strong interactions between bodies that last a relatively short time

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84
Q

TYPES OF COLLISIONS

A

Elastic- linear momentum and KE is conserved
Non elastic- Linear momentum is conserved
decrease in KE after collision. Completely ineleastic when 2 bodies stick together and move as one

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85
Q

Rotational motion def

A

1 position but rotating

86
Q

Torque def

A

Rotational equivalent of force

tendency of a farce to make a body rotate

87
Q

Torque equation

A
t= Fl
t= Fl(sin theta)
88
Q

Centre of gravity def

A

Point where weight of object is concentrated

89
Q

Centre of gravity ___ centre of mass

A

equal if acceleration due to gravity is the same throughout the body

90
Q

Where is the centre of gravity located

A

in the geometric centre for symmetrical bodies

91
Q

Conditions of equilibrium

A
  1. translational equilibrium
  2. rotational equilibrium
  3. mechanical equilibrium
92
Q

Translational equilibrium

A

summation F= 0

object does not accelerate

93
Q

Rotational equilibrium

A

summation t= 0

94
Q

clockwise= ____ torque

counter clockwise= ____ torque

A

negative; positive

95
Q

Fluids def

A

anything that has the capacity to flow

96
Q

Density of homogenous fluid (p) equation

A

mass per unit volume

p= m/v

97
Q

Specific gravity (SG)

A

ratio of density of substance to density of water
relative density

SG= p(obj)/p(water)

98
Q

Hydrostatic pressure equation (Pfluid)

A

Pfluid= pgh

99
Q

Centre of Mss Equation

A

Xcog= summation (miXi)/ summation (mi)

100
Q

Hydrostatic pressure units

A

Pascal

1 N/m^2

101
Q

Pascal’s Principle def

A

Pressure applied to enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid and to the walls of the container

102
Q

Pascal’s Principle equation

A

F1/A1= F2/A2

103
Q

Archimede’s Principle def

A

A body submereged in fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to weight of the displaced fluid

104
Q

Archimedes principle equation

A

Fb= dgV

Fb (Buoyant force) = W displaced liquid

105
Q

Principle of continuity equation

A

A1V1=A2V2

A= cross-sectional area of pipe

106
Q

Bernuolli’s Equation

A

P1+dgh1+1/2dv1^2= P2+dgh2+1/2dv^2
P=pressure
h= height

107
Q

Temperature definition

A

ave KE of particles in a substance

108
Q

C to K

A

Tk= Tc + 273

109
Q

K to C

A

Tc= Tk - 273

110
Q

C to F

A

Tf= 9/5Tc +32

111
Q

F to C

A

Tc= 5/9(Tf-32)

112
Q

Heat (Q) def

A

energy transferred due to temperature difference

hot to cold

113
Q

Heat units

A

Kcal

amount of heat needed to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree celcius

114
Q

Heat Capacity ( C) def

A

amount of energy needed to raise temp of a body 1 degree celcius

115
Q

Heat Capacity ( C) equation

A

C= delta Q/ delta T

116
Q

Specific Heat ( c) def

A

the amount of heat needed to change the temp of a unit of mass of substance by 1C

117
Q

Specific heat ( c) equation

A
c= Q/m(deta T)
c= C/m
118
Q

Change of temp equation

A

Q=mC(delta T)

119
Q

Change of state equation

A

Q=mL

L is latent heat

120
Q

Factors affecting change of state

A

pressure

dissolved substances increase BP if non volatile

121
Q

Expansion equation

A

delta L= (alpha)(delta T) —>aAT

proportional to change in temp

122
Q

Conservation of heat equation

A

in a closed system, heal lost by one body is equal to heat gained by other body
Qlost=Qgained

123
Q

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

A

if 2 systems in insulation are in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system then the 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other

124
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

total energy change of a closed system is equal to the heat transferred to the system minus work done by the system
Delta U= Q- W

125
Q

Thermodynamic processes

A
  1. Adiabatic= no heat transfer (Q=0)
  2. Isochoric= constant volume process; system does no work to surroundings (W=0)
  3. Isobaric= constant pressure process; work done by expanding gas (W=P(delta V)
  4. isothermal= constant temp process
126
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

no conversion of heat to mechanical energy is 100% efficient

heat flows from hot to cold

127
Q

HEAT ENGINE EQUATION

A

W= Qh- Qc
W is mechanical work
h hot
c cold

128
Q

Thermal efficiency of an engine equation

A
e= W/Qh
e= 1- (Qc/Qh)
129
Q

Ideal efficiency (eideal)

A

eideal= 1- (Tc/Th)

130
Q

Conservation of charge

A

total amount of charge of an isolated system remains constant
all substances are normally electrically neutral

131
Q

Coulomb’s law (FE)

A

FE= k(q1q2/r^2)
FE is electrostatic force
k is 9.0 x10^9 Nm^2

132
Q

Electrostatic constant (k)

A

k is 9.0 x10^9 Nm^2

133
Q

Direction

A
x= i hut
y= j hut
z= k hut
134
Q

Unit of electron charge

A

coulomb

135
Q

Electric field def

A

force per unit of charge

136
Q

Electric field (E) equation

A

E= FE/qo
FE is electric field
qo is test charge

137
Q

Unit of Electric field

A

Newton per coulomb

138
Q

positive vs negative elctric field

A

Positive has electric field

negative accepts electric field

139
Q

Electrostatic Potential Energy def

A

Energy of a charge by virtue of position in electric field

In a uniform electric field PEe is the work done by the electric field

140
Q

Electrostatic Potential energy (PEe) equation

A

Product of force magnitude and component displacement in the direction of force
PEe= qoEd
E is magnitude of electric field
d- displacement of test chrge

141
Q

Unit of Electrostatic potential enegrgy

A

electronvolt (eV)

142
Q

Electric potential def

A

electric potential energy per unit of charge

143
Q

Electric Potential (V) equation

A

V=Ed

144
Q

Potential difference (Vab)

A

work that must be done to move a unit charge slowly from one point to another against electric force

145
Q

Electric current def

A

amount of charge passing through a given point per unit of time

146
Q

Electric current (I) equation

A

I= q/t

147
Q

Electric current unit

A

Ampere=coulomb per sec

148
Q

Ohm’s Law def

A

Relates voltage, current and resistance

potential difference or voltage in a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor

149
Q

Ohm’s Law equation

A

V= IR

150
Q

Unit of voltage

A

volt

151
Q

Unit of current

A

Ampere

152
Q

Unit of resistance

A

Ohm

153
Q

Simple resistor circuit (I) equation

A

I= V/(Re+Ri)
Re is ext resistance of the cell
Ri is int resistance of cell

154
Q

n Resistors in series equation

A
Vtotal= add all V or add all IR
Itotal= add all I
Rtotal= add all R
155
Q

n resistors in parallel

A

1/Rtotal= 1/R1 + 1/R2 etc

156
Q

Resistance of a length wire ( R) equation

A

R= p(l/A)
p isresistivity of wire
l is length
A is cross sectional area

157
Q

unit of conductance

A

mhos

158
Q

Junction rule

A

algebraic sum of the currents (I) into any junction is 0

159
Q

Loop rule

A

algebraic sum of the potential difference (V) in any loop must equal 0

160
Q

Electrical work (W) equation

A

W= VIt

161
Q

Electrical Power ( P) equation

A

P= VI= I^2R= V^2/R

162
Q

Capacitance def

A

measure of the ability of capacitor to store energy (PE)
dependent on geometry and insulator
ratio of charge to potential difference
not dependent on charge and voltage

163
Q

Unit of capacitance

A

farad=coulomb/volt

164
Q

Capacitance ( C) equation

A

C= Q/Vab
Q is total charge
Vab is voltage

165
Q

Parallel plate capacitor equation

A

C= EA/d
A is area of plate
Eo is constant
d is distance

166
Q

Capacitors in series equation

A

1/Cef= 1/C1 + 1/C2 +….

167
Q

Capacitors in parallel

A

Cef= C1 + C2 +….

168
Q

Magnetic force definition

A

a charge moving in uniform magnetic field

169
Q

Magnetic force (FM) equation

A

FM= qvBsin(theta)
B is magnetic field

F= qv x B
right hand rule for direction of FM

170
Q

Lines of induction def

A

external to a magnet, lines of B leave north pole of magnet and enter south pole of a magnet

171
Q

Units of magnetic field (B)

A

tesla= N/Am

172
Q

Magnetic properties of matter

A
  1. Paramagnetism (feebly attracted by a strong magnet)
  2. Ferromagnetism (strongly attracted by a magnet)
  3. Diamagnetism (freely repelled by a strong magnet)
173
Q

Motional EMF equation

A

y=vlBsin(theta)

y is electromotive force

174
Q

Magnetic flux equation

A

o= BAcos(theta)
o is magnetic flux
B is magetic flux density
A is area of loop

175
Q

Faraday’s law equation

A

electromotive force in a conductor is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
yi= -delta o/ delta t

176
Q

Lenz’s law def

A

emf and induced current are in a direction that tends to opposed the change that produced them

177
Q

transformer wires

A

primary carries input power

secondary

178
Q

Transformer Voltage of secondary coil equation

A
V2= (N2/N1) V1
N1I1= N2I2
179
Q

Oscillatory Motion def

A

backa nd forth motion along the same path

180
Q

Hooke’s Law equation (restoring force)

A

Fr= -ks
Fr is restoring force
k is constant
s is elongation or compression

181
Q

Period of oscillating spring (Ts) equation

A

Ts=2π√m/k
Ts is period of spring
m is mass

182
Q

Period of simple pendulum equation (Tp)

A

Tp=2π√l/g
l is length of string
g is gravity

183
Q

Frequency of oscillation (f) equation

A

f= 1/T
reciprocal of period
w=2πf

184
Q

Waves def

A

transport of energy through a medium by the motion or change in the medium
transport of energy and momentum from one point in a medium space to another without transport of matter

185
Q

kind of waves

A
  1. mechanical - require a medium
  2. electromagnetic - does not require medium
  3. transverse - direction of wave motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
  4. Longitudinal waves - direction of wave motion is parallel to direction of wave propagation
186
Q

Wave charac

A
  1. Wave pulse
  2. wave train
  3. Harmonic wave
  4. wavefronts
  5. crest
  6. trough
  7. amplitude A
  8. wavelength λ
  9. period T
  10. frequency f
  11. wave velocity v
  12. relationships between v, f, λ, t
187
Q

Relationship between wavelength, period, frequency, and wave velocity

A

v= λf = λT where f = 1/T

188
Q

Wave pulse

A

single disturbance or distortion of shape of medium from normal

189
Q

Wave train

A

series of wave pulses

190
Q

Harmonic wave

A

sinusoidal wave train that propagates down a string

191
Q

Wavefronts

A

curves of constant phase for 2D waves

192
Q

Crest

A

highest point in wave

193
Q

Trough

A

lowest point in a wave

194
Q

Amplitude

A

max displacement form equilibrium position

195
Q

wavelength

A

distance between 2 consecutive identical points in a wave

196
Q

Period

A

time for 1 complete wave to pass a given point

197
Q

frequency

A

number of waves that pass a given point per second

198
Q

wave velocity

A

distance through which wave moves per second

199
Q

Properties of waves

A
  1. Reflection - bouncing of wave due to barrier
  2. Refraction - bending of wave due to change in medium
  3. Diffraction - bending of wave due to an opening
  4. Interference - meeting or overlapping of waves
  5. Dispersion - changing in shape of wave gradually spreading out
  6. resonance - increase in amplitude of a system when it oscillates due to a series of impulses that matches the natural frequency of the system
200
Q

types of interference

A

constructive - waves are n phase

destructive - waves are out of phase

201
Q

Doppler effect

A

apparent change in frequency of waves due to relative motion between observer and source of waves

202
Q

Water waves

A

combination of longitudinal and transverse characteristics
particles trace circular or elliptical orbit as it moves along the wave
wavelength is equal to the distance between two consecutive arcs

203
Q

Sound waves

A

longitudinal wave

204
Q

frequencies of sound waves

A
  1. audible range = 20Hz< f < 20 x10^4 Hz
  2. Infrasonic = f < 20x10^4 Hz
  3. ultrasonic = f > 20x10^4Hz
205
Q

Sound intensity def

A

energy transported over an area per unit of time

206
Q

Sound Intensity (I) equation

A

I = E/At

207
Q

Unit of Sound intensity

A

J/m^2s= W/m^2

208
Q

Sound intensity level (β) equation

A

β= 10db log (I/Io)

Io is equal to 10^-12

209
Q

Speed of electromagnetic wave

A

3 x 10^8

210
Q

Polarization def

A

wave property that describes the orientation of the electric field vector of an EM wave

211
Q

Speed of light

A

2.9979 x 10^8 m/sec