sociology

Question 1

what is sociological imagination?

Answer 1

the ability to see the connection between individual lives and larger social influences, personal troubles (biography), structural issues (historical), C. Wright Mills

Question 2

what is theory?

Answer 2

a set of statements that explain why a phenomenon occurs, cause and effect

Question 3

structural functionalism

Answer 3

purposes and activities to meet different needs that contribute to a society’s stability, institutions include family, religion, economy, government/politics, media, and education

Question 4

manifest functions

Answer 4

intended and recognized

Question 5

latent functions

Answer 5

unintended and unrecognized

Question 6

dysfunctions

Answer 6

have negative impacts

Question 7

conflict theory (Karl Marx)

Answer 7

examines the ways groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources

Question 8

proletariat

Answer 8

the working classes who are employed by bourgeoisie, little to no say in political issues

Question 9

symbolic interactionism

Answer 9

looks at individuals’ everyday behavior and communication through symbols and shared meanings, interactionists see society as socially constructed, a microlevel theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals in a society, language is very important in this theory

Question 10

micro perspectives

Answer 10

focuses on small-scale patterns of individuals’ social interaction in specific settings (interactions with friends or within families)

Question 11

macro perspectives

Answer 11

focuses on large-scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole (comparison of divorce rates for different countries, effect of trade policies on unemployment rates)

Question 12

data collection

Answer 12

different methods include: surveys, field research, secondary analysis, content analysis, and experimenting

Question 13

surveys

Answer 13

questionarres and interviews

Advantages – inexpensive, easy to administer, fast turn-around rates, ease in acquiring sensitive info

Disadvantages – low response rate, possibility of inaccurate info

Question 14

ethnography

Answer 14

explores cultural phenomenon from pov of subject of study

Question 15

content analysis

Answer 15

systematically examining some form of communication, analyzing speeches, songs, emails, diaries,

Advantages – inexpensive, less time consuming, correct coding errors easily, nobstrusive, permits comparison over time

Disadvantages – can be labor intensive, coding is subjective, may reflect social class bias

Question 16

participant observation

Answer 16

included in field research (observing people in their natural surroundings)

Adantages – in-depth understanding, flexible, does not disrupt subjects

Disadvantages – sometimes expensive or dangerous, little control over data

Question 17

experiment

Answer 17

carefully controlled artificial situation, experimental group exposed to the independent variable, control group not exposed

Advantages – can test cause-effect

Disadvantages – artificial, high attrition

Question 18

hypothesis

Answer 18

statement of relationship between two or more variables, statement that will be tested in the study

Question 19

independent variable

Answer 19

determines or has an effect

Question 20

dependent variable

Answer 20

the outcome

Question 21

material culture

Answer 21

consists of the tangible objects that members of a society make, use, and share, examples include tools, jewelry, pottery, clothing, and furniture

Question 22

nonmaterial culture

Answer 22

includes the shared set of meanings that people use to interpret and understand the world, examples include political opinions, religious beliefs, and marriage patterns

Question 23

nacirema

Answer 23

a mocking of American rituals and behavior

Question 24

ethnocentrisism

Answer 24

is the belief that one’s culture and way of life are superior to those of another group

Question 25

norms

Answer 25

society’s specific rules of right and wrong behavior, tells us what we should or shoul not do

Question 26

folkways

Answer 26

norms that members of a society look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment

Question 27

mores

Answer 27

norms that society considers very important because they maintain morals and ethics, based on beliefs

Question 28

significant and generalized other

Answer 28

important and unimportant relationships

Question 29

“i” (George Herbert Mead)

Answer 29

creative, impulsive, imaginative, spontaneous

Question 30

“me” (George Herbert Mead)

Answer 30

internalized social roles

Question 31

secondary group

Answer 31

usually large, formal, impersonal, and a temporary collection of people that pursues a specific goal or activity.

*Instrumental tasks

*Examples: classes, work groups, volunteer organizations

Question 32

primary group

Answer 32

a relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period of time.

*Expressive tasks

*Examples: families and close friends

Question 33

bureaucracy

Answer 33

a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people in the most efficient and rational way possible

Question 34

Max Weber

Answer 34

argued the importance of ideas, ideologies, and charismatic leaders, argued for verstehen or subjective understanding, argued for value free sociology

Question 35

C. Wright Mills

Answer 35

discovered the sociological imagination

Question 36

August Comte

Answer 36

the father of sociology, argued for the empirical study of society, analyzed social statics and dynamics

Question 37

Karl Marx

Answer 37

analyzed industrial revolution, studied capitalism, class conflict, and alienation

Question 38

W.E.D DuBois

Answer 38

leader of an elite group of African Americans known as the Niagara Movement which marked the beginning of his pubic assault on racial discrimination, connected to Harpers Ferry, credited as the founder of NAACP

Question 39

George Herbert Mead

Answer 39

describes how the self develops, the self is made up of “I” and “me”

Question 40

Charles Horton Cooley

Answer 40

identified a process of developing the reflected or looking glass self, this includes perception, interpretation, and response

Question 41

Erving Goffman

Answer 41

(1922-1982), analyzed social life as theatre (dramaturgy), impression management (involves presenting ourselves in favorable light by controlling settings, appearances, and manner), front stage and back stage (GO OFF MAN - THEATRE)