soc exam 2

Question 1

deviance

Answer 1

behavior that violates expected rules or norms, usually has a negative connotation in every day society

Question 2

anomie

Answer 2

emile durkheim, the condition in which people are usure of how to behave because of absent, confusing, or conflicting social norms

Question 3

moral entrepreneurship

Answer 3

individuals and groups seek to change norms to align with their worldview
ex: in 1990, teens were dangerous

Question 4

rule creators

Answer 4

transform private troubles in public issues by creating new norms

Question 5

rule enforcers

Answer 5

ensure compliance and that violations are punished

Question 6

moral panic

Answer 6

exaggerated, widespread fear regarding the collapse of public morality

Question 7

folk devils

Answer 7

those blamed for the collapse and treated as threats to social order
ex: 1990 teens were “superpredators”

Question 8

social control

Answer 8

techniques and strategies that regulate behavior, can be formal or informal which includes positive (rewards) and negative (punishment) sanctions

Question 9

stigma

Answer 9

mark of disgrace and interactions that one is disgraced and dishonorable

Question 10

techniques of neutralization

Answer 10

denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemning the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties

Question 11

normative approach to deviance

Answer 11

this approach views a violation of norms, folkways, mores, or laws as an act of deviance

Question 11

moralistic approach to deviance

Question 11

legalistic approach to deviance

Answer 11

a way of defining deviant behavior based on whether it violates the law

Question 11

statistical approach to deviance

Answer 11

behavior that does not follow the norms upheld by a majority of people in a given situation

Question 12

condemners

Answer 12

a person who condemns, appeal to higher authorities

Question 13

social stratification

Answer 13

the way valuable goods/intangibles are distributed, a hierarchal ranking of people who have different access to to valued resources including property, power, and status

Question 14

stratification systems can be…

Answer 14

relatively closed or open

Question 15

systems of stratification

Answer 15

slavery, estate system, caste system, class-based system

Question 16

what is an estate system

Answer 16

limited social mobility

Question 17

what is a caste system

Answer 17

confine individuals to social group for life, assigned to specific roles with tight rules over relationships between castes

Question 18

what is a class-based system

Answer 18

members of a social class share common status and lifestyle

Question 19

absolute poverty

Answer 19

not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities

Question 20

relative poverty

Answer 20

not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living

Question 21

open and closed stratification systems

Answer 21

slavery, estate, caste

Question 22

inTRAgenerational mobility

Answer 22

the extent to which an indivisual experiences upward or downward mobility

Question 23

inTERgenerational mobility

Answer 23

the degree to which one is better or worse off than one’s parents

Question 24

sex

Answer 24

the biological characteristics with which we were born (chromosomes, anatomy, hormones)

Question 25

gender

Answer 25

learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other (based on social and cultural expectations)

Question 26

cisgender

Answer 26

when one identifies with the gender assigned at birth

Question 27

transgender

Answer 27

persons whose gender identity, gender expression or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth.

Question 28

intersex

Answer 28

medical classification at birth is not clearly male or female

Question 29

glass ceiling

Answer 29

Unofficial barrier to advance to upper levels of organization, becomes stronger when women have children - maternal wall increases wage gap

Question 30

gender gap

Answer 30

an undesirable or unfair difference between men and women in terms of opportunities, pay, status, ect

Question 31

race

Answer 31

a group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features, a social construct

Question 32

ethnicity

Answer 32

set of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage

Question 33

discrimination

Answer 33

an act that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership

Question 34

prejudice

Answer 34

an attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their group membership

Question 35

individual discrimination

Answer 35

harmful action directed intentionally on a one-to-one basis

Question 36

institutional discrimination

Answer 36

unequal treatment due to the everyday operations of a society