SOCIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
When a group of people within a society has a style of living that includes features of the main culture and also certain
cultural elements not found in other groups, this is
known as
A
subculture
2
Q
e. When that subculture that subculture challenges
the values, beliefs, ideals and other elements of the
dominant culture
A
Counterculture
3
Q
is an idea shared by the people in a society about what is good
and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.
A
Value
4
Q
are expectations of how people are supposed to
act, think or feel in specific situation
A
Norms
5
Q
norms that have little strength and may within limits, be easily broken
A
Folkways Folkways
6
Q
strongly held norms that are considered essential and which are strictly enforced
A
Mores
7
Q
norms that have been enacted by the state
to regulate human conduct
A
Laws
8
Q
contrary to cultural universals,
though societies share commonality in some aspects in
culture, each culture carries a distinct and different
element.
A
Cultural Diversity
9
Q
the principle holds that one
cannot truly understand or evaluate cultural, social
and psychological facts except in terms of the larger
culture and society of which they are a part
A
Cultural Relativism
10
Q
tendency to evaluate other
cultures in terms of one’s own and to consider one’s
own culture as superior.
A
Ethnocentrism
11
Q
belief that the views, styles or
products of other cultures are better than those of
one’s own culture
A
Xenocentrism
12
Q
results when there is cultural
integration.
A
Cultural Changes
13
Q
production of a new culture trait
(i.e. norm or value)
A
Innovation
14
Q
creation of new cultural products
A
Invention –
15
Q
process by which cultural
traits are transmitted from one group or society to
another
A
Cultural Diffusion
16
Q
occurs when cultural traits are logically consistent with one another, but maybe logically inconsistent or simply neutral in relation to one another.
A
Cultural Integration
17
Q
socially defined position in a group or
society
A
Social Status
18
Q
status that dominates others and
thereby determines a person’s general social position
A
Master Status
19
Q
status that can be gained by a
person’s direct effort usually through competition
A
Achieved Status
20
Q
a social position to which a person
is assigned according to standards that are beyond his
or her control
A
Ascribed Status
21
Q
behavior expected of someone with a
given status in a group or society
A
Social Roles
22
Q
whole set of roles associated with a single
status
A
Role Set
23
Q
society’s definition of the way a
role ought to be played
A
Role Expectation
24
Q
the way a person usually plays
a role
A
Role Performance
25
situation whereby opposing demands
are made on a person two or more roles
Role Conflict
26
personal stress caused by such
opposing demands
Role Strain
27
oldest and
simplest societal type; nomadic way of life and
primitive technology; family primary concern and
there is little specialization
Hunting and Gathering Societies –
28
cultivate cereal grains and eat wild plants and animals as supplement; form permanent communities; make tools and household objects; produce small surplus; inequalities start to
arise
Horticultural Societies
29
rely on capturing, breeding
and taming of animals as food source; came into
existence at the same time as horticultural societies
through are more of nomadic than stationary.
Pastoral Societies
30
developed the plow which
produced larger surplus and the end of the need to
move to new fields on a regular basis. Social changes
such as further stratification, establishment of
bureaucracies, the rise of cities and the development
of a money economy occurred.
Agrarian Societies
31
used machinery to do many
forms of work and densely populated cities
developed. Large gov’ts, large bureaucracies and ever
more specialized social institutions and social roles
developed
Industrial Societies
32
offices replaced factories; computer took over from the machines and metropolitan areas supplanted towns and cities; main economic enterprise is service.
Post – Industrial Societies
33
individual relationships are based
on common feelings, kinships or memberships in the
community (communal)
Gemeinschaft
34
rational order, neutral involvement,
and obligations to institutions are dominant
(associational)
Gesellschaft
35
members are held
together because they perform similar roles and share
the same values
Mechanical Solidarity
36
member are held together
because they perform very specialized roles and are
therefore highly dependent on one another
Organic Solidarity
37
little division of labor; family
most important unit; social relationships are personal
and long lasting; behavior is governed mainly by
custom and tradition
Communal Society
38
there is division of labor
and roles are highly specialized; family loses influence
and many of its activities are replaced by other
institutions (i.e. economic, religious and political);
many social relationships are impersonal and short
lived; behavior is governed by law rather than by
custom.
Associational Society
39
is the process through which people
acquire personality and learn the ways of a society or
group; socialization occurs through social interaction
Socialization
40
is the process in which people
act toward or respond to others in a mutual and
reciprocal way
Social Interaction –
41
in which a person or
group acts in a certain way toward another in order to
receive a reward in return.
Exchange Relationships
42
interaction in which people or groups
act together in order to achieve common interests or goals
that might be difficult or impossible to realize alone
Cooperation
43
mutual aid
Spontaneous Cooperation
44
spontaneous
cooperation that becomes fixed in a society’s customs
Traditional Cooperation
45
directed by a third party
in a position of authority
Directed Cooperation
46
formal agreement to
cooperate on a certain way with the duties of each
clearly spelled out
Contractual Cooperation
47
struggle for a commonly prized object or
value; conflicts arise because the benefits and rewards of
a society are limited
Conflict
48
a kind of conflict governed by rules
that make the goal being sought more important than the
defeat if any opponents
Competition
49
tendency for one person or group to force
its will on another
Coercion
50
can be defined as two or more people who
have a common identity and some feeling of unity and
who share certain goals and expectations about each
other’s behavior
Social Group
51
are small, personal and unspecialized.
Although relating to one another in many different roles,
their members communicate openly and intimately
Primary groups
52
by contrast are larger, more
specialized groups in which members interact in a
limited, impersonal way
Secondary groups
53
the groups to which people belong and feel
loyal
Ingroups
54
the groups to which we do not belong and
which are regarded with suspicion and as less worthy
than their own
Outgroups
55
fealty
loyalty
56
refers to breakdown of
social institutions. Results when deviance is practiced by
large numbers of people over long periods of time; when
it undermines belief in the value of basic social
institutions or when it produces conflict that cannot be
contained.
Social Disorganization
57
accept validity of social rules but break them for some personal gain
aberrant behavior
58
hope to attract attention to their rule-breaking behavior in an attempt to cause the rule to be changed.
nonconforming –
59
behavior that violates the social norms
of a group or society
Deviance
60
Four types of “deviant adaptations”
accepting goals but rejecting society’s
means of achievement
a. Innovation
61
Four types of “deviant adaptations”
accepting the means but not the goals
b. Ritualism
62
Four types of “deviant adaptations”
rejecting both the goals and the
means
c. Retreatism
63
Four types of “deviant adaptations”
rejecting the goals and the means and
substituting new ones
d. Rebellion
64
means or ways to condition or limit
the actions of people in order to make them want to
conform to social norms most of the time
Social Control
65
“internalization” is one’s
acceptance of the norms of a group or society as part
of one’s identity. It is the most effective means of
socially controlling deviant behavior
Internal Social Control
66
involve the use of social
sanctions which may be applied informally (thru
actions of people we are with on a daily basis); others
are applied formally (agents given that task by
society, eg. Law enforcers, etc.)
External Social Control
67
Class Inequalities
extreme system of stratified inequality in
which freedom is denied to one group in a society
1. Slavery –
68
Class Inequalities
system of stratified inequality in which status
is largely determined at birth and people are locked into
their parents’ social positions.
2. Caste
69
Class Inequalities
stratification associated with type of agrarian
society similar to feudalism
3. Estate
70
most common type of stratification; a
relatively open system based on economic position.
Class Systems
71
upper classes; have access to the means
of production; own and control production and exploit
the labor of the lower classes
Bourgeoisie
72
lower classes; provide labor to production.
Proletariat
73
an enduring pattern based on the
ranking of people in social positions according to their
access to desirables.
Social Stratification
74
inequality is not only required to the
functioning of the society but is also inevitable
Functionalist
75
social inequality is not a necessary part of the
operation of societies rather, the desirables of the
society are in limited supply and the powerful determine
which groups of people will fill which jobs and who will
get what rewards.
Conflict
76
power, based on economics and
political leadership and some inequality are important in
the functioning of the society
Lenski’s theory
77
refers to the movement of a person
from one status or social class to another.
Social Mobility
78
change in social position
between generations
a.Intergenerational mobility
79
occurs in the same
generation
b.Intragenerational mobility
80
any group in a society that consists of
people whose particular biological or social traits cause
them to become the object of prejudice or
discrimination
Minority group
81
a group that is socially distinguished
from other groups, has developed its own subculture,
and has a shared feeling of peoplehood.
Ethnic group
82
group of people who others believe share certain
physical traits and are genetically distinct.
Race
83
judgment of people, objects or situations in
terms of stereotypes or generalizations
Prejudice
84
unfair or unequal treatment of
individuals or groups
Discrimination
85
absorption of an incoming group into
the dominant society.
Assimilation
86
biological merging of an ethnic or
racial group with the native population
Amalgamation
87
pattern of partial assimilation by
which the dominant society allows minorities to achieve
full participation, yet at the same time lets them keep
many of their cultural social differences
Cultural pluralism
88
– process by which a dominant group
causes the deaths of a large number of minority group
members
Annihilation
89
– forcing people out of an area of a society
Expulsion
90
– political reorganization of a nation in
order to make political boundaries correspond more
closely to ethnic or racial ones.
Partitioning
91
– involuntary separation of residential
areas, services or facilities on the basis of the ethnic or
racial characteristics of the people using them.
Segregation
92
– social role associated with being a male
or female
Gender role
93
– conception of ourselves as either male
or female.
Gender identity
94
– status based on a person’s age
Age status
95
– standards of behavior that are appropriate
for various age
Age norms
96
– expectations about a behavior of people
holding particular age statuses
Age roles
97
– behavior that violates the age norms of
a group or society
Age deviance
98
– study of aging and the special problems
of the elderly
Gerontology
99
– study of the medical aspects of aging and
medical practice that emphasizes aging and elderly
patients
Geriatrics
100
– social network of people who are related by
common ancestry or origin or by marriage and
adoption
Kinship
101
– family group which consists of a couple and
their children usually living apart from other relatives
Nuclear
102
– group which consists of one or more
nuclear families plus other relative
Extended
103
– family structure in which the
authority is held by the eldest male
Patriarchal Family
104
– authority is held by the eldest
female.
Matriarchal Family
105
– family structure in which the
husband and wife are equal in authority and privileges
Egalitarian Family
106
– married couple living in the
household or community of the husband’s parents
Patrilocal Residence
107
– married couple living in the
household or community of the wife’s parents
Matrilocal Residence
108
– married couple living apart from
either spouse’s parents or other relatives
Neolocal Residence
109
– father’s side of the family is
defined as kin
Patrilineal Descent
110
– mother’s side of the family is
defined as kin
Matrilineal Descent
111
– children’s kinship is tied to both
sides of the family
Bilateral Descent
112
– marriage within one’s own group
Endogamy
113
– marriage outside one’s own group
Exogamy
114
– marriage with the same social, racial,
ethnic and religious background
`Homogamy
115
– marriage between one man and one
woman
Monogamy
116
– marriage involving more than one
husband or wife
Polygamy
117
– one man with several wives
Polygyny
118
– system of beliefs and practices by which a
group of people interprets and responds to what they feel
is supernatural and sacred
Religion
119
– religious organization that claim as its
membership the entire population of a society; country’s
official religion
Ecclesia
120
– stable, institutionalized organization of
religious believers
Church
121
– several religious organizations
considered socially acceptable by a society
Denomination
122
– less formally organized than a church; usually
composed of people occupying the lower occupational
and educational status
Sect
123
– reject some aspects of established religions;
devise new symbols, rituals and teachings.
Cults
124
– system of beliefs and practices by which a
group of people interprets and responds to what they feel
is supernatural and sacred
Religion
125
– belief in one God
Monotheism
126
– belief in more than one God
Polytheism
127
– centers on a set of ethical,
moral or philosophical principles
Transcendental Idealism
128
– worship and veneration of an animal;
practiced by preliterate people and preindustrial
societies
Totemism
129
– type of religion that does not
recognize specific gods or spirits but that does believe in
supernatural forces that influence humanit
Simple supernaturalism
130
– religion that recognizes active/animate spirits
operating in the world.
Animism
131
– education as a tool used by the ruling classes
to perpetuate social inequality both by controlling access
to education and by training docile, disciplined workers
Conflict
132
– consists of those organizations and
processes through which goods and services are produced
and distributed
Economic Order
133
In a ______________,
the primary sector (agriculture) dominates and the
economy is labor intensive, relying heavily on human
labor.
preindustrial economy
134
In an _______________, the secondary sector
(good producing) dominates and the economy is capital
intensive, relying the machine production.
industrial economy
135
In a ___________ economy, the tertiary sector (service)
dominates.
2.Decentralized
post-industrial economy
136
– decision-making is held by a
large number of individuals, households, cooperatives or
firms;
Decentralized Economy
137
in a __________, the power is in the
hands of a small number of individuals or firms.
centralized economy
138
In a _________, consumers are the key decision
makers, the economy responds to consumer
preferences
market economy
139
In a _______, the ultimate
decision-makers are the planners
planned economy
140
in a system of _________,
the rights to transfer title of ownership to others, the
right to use the property as the owner sees fit and the
right to full use of the products, services or surpluses
the property generates belong to individuals or groups
of individuals
private ownership
141
In a system of ___________ these
rights belong to the state and in a system of
________ these rights are held by a
________, a voluntary economic
association created for the mutual benefit of its
members.
In a system of public ownership these
rights belong to the state and in a system of
cooperative ownership these rights are held by a
cooperative enterprise, a voluntary economic
association created for the mutual benefit of its
members.
142
is a
system of motivating people to act, to buy and sell, to
produce and consume and to use their resources and
technology in particular ways and means
A reward system or incentive system
143
– increased wages, greater profits, bonuses
and other monetary rewards.
Material
incentives
144
– appeal
to peoples’ sense of responsibility to the community,
society or religion
Moral incentives
145
– an economic system based on the private
ownership of wealth. The elements of capitalism
include:private property; profit; competition; laissez
faire
Capitalism
146
– means of production and distribution are
owned collectively rather than privately. The state is
usually the collective owner, but in some forms of socialism, the owner might be a small community or
someone who works for a particular enterprise
Socialism
147
– represents an effort to join features
of socialism, public ownership and a relatively equal
distribution of income, with emphasis on market forces
and decentralized decision-making characteristic of
capitalist economies
Market Socialism
148
– process by which some people and groups
acquire power and exercise it over others
Politics
149
– capacity of people or groups to control or
influence the actions of others, whether those others wish
to cooperate or not
Power
150
– generally recognized and socially right and
necessary
Legitimate
151
– without support of social approval
Illegitimate
152
– legitimate power that is institutional in nature
Authority
153
– conferred by custom and
accepted practice
Traditional Authority
154
– generated by the personality or
exceptional personal appeal of an individual
Charismatic Authority
155
– rests on rationally established
rules (i.e. rules that reflect a systematic attempt to
adjust means to ends, to make institutions to what they
are supposed to do)
Legal-rational Authority
156
– “rule of the people”
Democracy
157
– form of government run by a single
party in which there is a governmental surveillance and
control over all aspects of life
Totalitarianism
158
– form of government in which the
ultimate authority is vested in a single person; the ruler
may be either a monarch, a hereditary ruler or a
dictator
Authoritarianism
159
– the point at which there is
no natural increase in the population
Zero Population Growth
160
– condition in which what people
think they deserve is not what they actually have
Relative Deprivation
161
– augmentation in behavior due to
the presence of other individuals
Social Facilitation
162
– decrease in motivation to exert effort
because of presence of others.
Social Loafing
163
is behavior that occurs in some
response to a common influence or stimulus in relatively
spontaneous, unstructured, and unstable situations
Collective behavior
164
– a temporary grouping of people, physically
close together with a common focus or interest
Crowd
165
– passive crowd involving a minimum
emotional engagement and action by the participants
(eg: people looking into a department store window)
Casual Crowd
166
– follows conventional norms, but
interaction is minimal (eg: passengers on an airplane)
Conventional Crowd
167
– provide opportunities for
emotional expression and release (eg: Times Square
on New Year’s Eve)
Expressive Crowds
168
– contain many mutually supportive
relationships and give a sense of social solidarity or
unity (eg: charismatic and religious groups)
Solidaristic Crowds
169
– group action that is focused on some
goal or object. They are typically angry and hostile and
their activities violate conventional norms. (eg: mobs,
riots)
Acting Crowds
170
– scattered grouping of people who have a
common interest, concern or focus of opinion
Public
171
– Gustave Le Bon suggested that the
crowd was a single organism with one collective mind. He
said that the crowd’s ability to “hypnotize” individuals was
based on three factors: a feeling of invincibility, the great
power that comes from sheer numbers; contagion, the
rapid spread of new ways of thinking; and suggestibility, a
state of fascination in which people are not conscious of
their acts.
Contagion Theory
172
– emphasizes that people in a
crowd tend to release their underlying personal
tendencies, reveal their true selves in a crowd
Convergence Theory
173
– stresses the social aspects of
a crowd. It emphasizes the function of social norms in
shaping crowd behavior, and seeks to explain how new
norms are established and maintained.
Emergent Norm Theory
174
– collective behavior in diffuse social
groupings
Mass Behavior
175
– form of mass behavior in which people, faced
with a threat, react in a seemingly irrational and fearful
manner.
Panic
176
– rare form of collective behavior that
occurs when people find themselves in ambiguous,
threatening situations
Mass Hysteria
177
– follows natural or other types of
disasters that provoke a “crisis crowd” behavior
characterized by a convergence of people on the
disaster scene
Disaster Behavior
178
– or craze is a temporary activity that large
numbers of people enthusiastically pursue
Fad
179
– currently acceptable style of dress or behavior
Fashion
180
– socialized effort to change society
through collective action
Social Movements
181
– seeks to improve society as a
whole by changing certain aspects of the social
structure
Reform Movement
182
– seek more radical change in
society. Their goal is to overthrow the existing social
structure and replace it with new one
Revolutionary Movements
183
– aim to prevent change, or
reverse a change that has already been achieved
Resistance Movements
184
– are attempts to provide their
members with some type of personal transformation,
which may include emotional satisfaction, a new identity
or a different ideology
Expressive Movements
185
– marked by restlessness in the
society, conflict between various groups, and inefficient
and insufficient efforts at dealing with social problems
Preliminary Stage
186
– the discontented become aware that
others share their views and see that united action,
through a social movement, is possible
Popular Stage
187
– excitement of the masses
is formalized. Ideologies are developed that help to give
the movement direction and unity. Values and goals
become clear, and the movement develops an
organizational structure with a hierarchy of leaders
Formal Organization Stage
188
– movement becomes an accepted
and institutionalized part of society.
Institutional Stage
189
– idle talk about the personal or private affairs
of others
Gossip
190
– an untrue or unverified report that is
informally communicated from person to person and it is
not as limited in its subject as is gossip
Rumor
191
– attitudes about an issue that are held
by a public
Public Opinion
192
– calculated manipulation of ideas in a
way that appeals to people’s emotions and prejudice
Propaganda
193
– movement of people from rural to urban
areas
Urbanization
194
– a disparity between the number of
people flooding into the cities and the actual opportunities
and services available to them
Over urbanization
195
– patterns of culture and social structure that
are characteristic of cities and how they differ from the
culture of rural communities
Urbanism
196
– process by which culture traits
spread from one group or society to another
Cultural Diffusion
197
– refers to the major internal social
changes that occur when a traditional preindustrial
society develops economically and becomes
industrialized and urbanized
Modernization
198
– the change and
development of societies over time in either unilinear or
multilinear fashion
Sociocultural Evolution Theory
199
– cultures and societies go through
continual cycles of growth and decay, challenge and
response
Cyclical Theory
200
– analyzes function of change in
preserving social order as a whole
Functionalist Theory
201
– real societies are not as stable as the
functionalists imply and that the theory is unable to
account for many kinds of changes.
Conflict Theory
202
– coined the term “sociology.” He was
a French philosopher who believed that the social and
natural worlds obeyed the same rules.
Auguste Comte
203
– saw in society continuous conflict and
change. Marx believed that societies follow historical
laws determined by economic forces.
Karl Marx
204
– he argued that the main concern of
sociology should be what he called “social facts” (e.g.
laws, customs and institutions), which are external to
people but which exert control over them. He developed
an analysis of suicide based on group connections.
Emile Durkheim
205
– the individual does not feel
connected to the larger society; the person is not
affected by social constraints against suicide
Egoistic Suicide
206
– the individual places the group’s
welfare above his or her own life;
Altruistic Suicide
207
– the individual commits suicide
because of feelings of powerlessness to regulate his
or her life
Fatalistic Suicide
208
– the individual commits suicide
when society lacks social order
Anomic Suicide
209
– best known for his studies of
bureaucracy and capitalism. Much of Weber’s thought
contrasts strongly with that of Marx. He believed that
social scientists can find objective solutions to problems
only if they suspend their own value judgments (value
free sociology).
Max Weber
210
– one of the earliest sociologists to
develop a theory of the self. He coined the term
“LOOKING GLASS SELF” – people’s sense of self reflects
what they think others think of them
Charles Cooley
211
- A theory is a statement that
organizes a set of concepts in a meaningful way by explaining the
relationship among men. Theory makes the facts of small lift
comprehensible. It places seemingly meaningless events in a
general framework that enables us to determine cause and effect,
to explain, and to predict
Theoretical Perspective
212
-The functionalist perspective draws
its original inspiration from the work Herbert Spencer and Emile
Durkheim. Spencer compared society sometimes to living
organisms. Any organism has a structure – that is, it consists of a
number of interrelated parts such as a head, limbs, a heart and
so on, that play a function in the life of the total organism. In the
same way, Spencer agreed that a society has a structure. Its
interrelated parts are the family, religion, the military and so on
Functionalist Perspective
213
- in modern
sociology derives its inspiration from the work of Karl Marx, who
saw the struggle between social classes as the “engine” of history
and the main source of change.
Conflict theories assume that s
Conflict Perspective
214
- The interactionist perspective in
sociology was strongly influenced by Max Welies, who
emphasized the importance of understanding the social world
from the individuals who acts within it. It is concerned primarily
with the everyday social interaction that takes place as people go
about their lives
Interactionist Perspective
215
- Hunting and gathering
people live in small privacy groups that rarely exceed in members.
The groups are based on kinship, with most members being
related by ancestry or marriage. They are constantly on the move
because they must leave an area as soon as they have e xhausted
its food resources. Warfare is extremely uncommon among
hunting and gathering people, partly because they have so little
in the way of material goods to.
The social structure of these societies is necessarily very simple,
and their culture cannot become elaborate and diversified
Hunting and Gathering Societies
216
- Pastoralism is a much more reliable and
productive strategy than hunting and gathering. Not only is a
steady food supply assured, but the size of the herds can be
increased over time through careful animal husbandry. An
important result is that societies can grow much larger, perhaps
to include hundreds or even thousands of people. Equally
significant, the greater productivity of pastoralism permits the
accumulation of a surplus of livestock and food.
The substance strategy of pastoral societies thus provides
distinctive social cultural opportunities and limitations. Population
become larger, political economic institutions begin to develop
and born social structure and culture become more complex.
Pastoral Societies
217
- Horticulturalists are essentially
gardeners, cultivating demonstrated plants by hand or with hoes
or digging sticks, although must periodically move their gardens
or villages in short distances.
Because they live in relatively permanent settlements,
horticulturalists can create more elaborate cultural artifacts than
can hunters and gatherers or pastoralists. The settled way of life
and relative large populations of those societies thus permit more
complex social structures and cultures.
Horticultural Societies
218
- About 6,000 years ago, the plow was
invented and the agricultural revolution was underway. The use
of the plow greatly improves the productivity of the land; it brings
to the surface nutrients that have sunk out of reach of the roots
of plants, and it returns weeks to the soil to act as fertilizers. As a
result, food output is greatly increased and a substantial supply
can be produced
Agricultural Societies
219
tend to be almost constantly at war,
sometimes engaged in systematic empire-building. These
conditions demand an effective military organization, and
permanent armies appear for the first time. The need for efficient
transport and communications in these large societies leads to
the development of roads and novices, and previously isolated
communities are brought into contact with one another.
Agricultural societies
220
A society relying on agriculture as a subsistence strategy thus has
a far more complex social structure and culture than any of the
less involved types of societies. The number of statuses and roles
multiplies, population size increases, cities appear, new
institutions emerges, social classes arise, political and economic
inequality becomes built into the social structure, and culture
becomes much more diversified.
Agricultural societies
221
- Industrialism is based on the application
of scientific knowledge to the technology of production, enabling
new energy sources to be harnessed and permitting machines to
do the work that was previously done by people or animals. It is a
highly efficient subsistence strategy, for it allow relatively small
portion of the population to feed the majority. Family and kinship
becomes progressively less important in the social culture. The
family losses many of its earlier functions. It is no longer a unit of
economic production, nor thus it has the main responsibility for
the education of the young. Kinship ties are weakened, and
people live with their immediate family but apart from more
distant kin. People no longer share similar life experiences and
consequently hold many different and competing values and
beliefs. Science, however, emerges as a new and important social
institution, for technological innovation depends on growth and
refinement of scientific and for the first time, formal education
become
Industrial Societies
222
- A group is a collection of people interacting together in
an orderly way on the basis of shared expectation about each
other’ s behaviour. As a result of this interaction, members feel a
common sense of “belonging”
Group
223
- A primary group consists of a small member of
people who interact in direct, intimate and personal ways. His
relationship among the members is emotionally depth, and the
group tends to endure over time. Typical primary groups include
the family, gang or a college per group.
Primary Group
224
- Consists a number of people who have few,
if any emotional ties with one another. The members come
together for some specific, practical purpose, such as making
committee decision or attending a convention.
Secondary Group
225
- A small group is one that contains sufficiently few
members for the participants to relate to one another as
individuals. Whether the small group is a primary or secondary
depends on the nature of their relationships among its members
Small Group
226
- A leader is someone who by virtue of certain
personality, the characteristics is consistently able to influence the
behavior of others. Groups always have leaders even if the leader
do not hold formal positions of authority.
Leadership
227
- Peaceful adjustment between hostile or
competing groups; ”antagonistic cooperation”.
Accommodation
228
- Status reached by individual effort
Achieved Status
229
- Gathering of people without conscious interaction
Aggregate
230
- Biological inter-breeding of two or more
peoples of distinct physical appearance until they become one
stock.
Amalgamation
231
- A situation in which a large number of person lack
interaction with stable institutions, leaving them rootless and
normless
Anomie
232
- A term used to describe both the
institution structure of communities and also the process by which the functions of various aspects of community living are
continuously brought into close integration with each other
Community Organization -
233
A term that expresses generalized or common
element found in a number of specific cases
Concept
234
Seeking to monopolize rewards by eliminating or
weakening the competition.
Conflict
235
- A married couple and their dependent
children.
Conjugal Family
236
- Extended clan of blood relatives with
their mates and children
Consanguine Family
237
- Heredity status without regard to individual
ability or performance
Ascribed Role
238
- Mutual cultural diffusion through which persons
or groups come to share a common culture
Assimilation
239
- A tendency to feel and act in a certain way
Attitude
240
- Administration characterized by rules, hierarchy
of office and centralized authority.
Bureaucracy
241
- A stratified society in which social position is
entirely determined by parentage, with no provision for achieved
status.
Caste System
242
- A small group of intimates with intense in-group feeling
based on common sentiments and interest.
Clique
243
- A group of people who have a certain sense of
belonging together and who reside in a given geographical area.
Community
244
- Failure to conform to the customary norms of
society.
Deviation
245
- A practice that trails equal people as nonequals; limiting opportunity or reward according to race, religion
or ethnic group
Discrimination
246
- A number of people with a common cultural
heritage which sets them apart from others in variety of social
relationships.
Ethnic Group
247
- A requirement that one mates on selected people
outside some specified groups
Exogamy
248
- The concept that the function, meaning
and desirability of a trait depend upon its cultural setting
Cultural Relativism
249
- The toleration of cultural differences within
a common society; allowing different groups to retain their
distinctive cultures
Cultural Pluralism
250
- The smallest unit of culture as perceive by a
given observer
Cultural Trait
251
- The total heritage which the individual receives from
the group; a system of behaviour by the members of society.
Culture
252
- A cluster of related traits organized around a
particular activity. Embodies certain common values and
procedures and meet certain basic needs of society
Culture Complex
253
- A process in which the responses of each partly
successively become stimuli for the responses of the other
Interaction
254
- Standard behaviour. Statistical norm is a measure of
actual conduct; cultural norm states the expected behaviour of
the culture
Norm
255
- The nuclear family plus other kin with whom
important relation are maintained. The other kin may or may not
live in the same house
Extended Family
256
- Customary, normal, habitual behaviour characteristic
of the members of the group
Folkways
257
- A type of community life in which impersonal,
superficial, and business like relationship prevail, secondary group
contacts of a transitory sort predominate. The large urban centers
are the prime example of a gesellschaft community.
Gesellschaft
258
- A system of ideas which sanctions a set of norms
Ideology
259
- The method of arriving at general
principles from actual observation of behaviour of what is being
studied
Inductive Method
260
- A form of polygamy in which a husband has several
wives
Polygymy
261
- The same as conjugal Family
Nuclear Family
262
- The tendency to govern actions by special
relations to an individual or group rather than by criteria equally
applicable to all men. Nepotism is an example.
Particularistic
263
y - A form of polygamy in which plural husband share a
wife (many husbands)
Polyandry
264
- A society with a diversity of folkway and
mores. The term is also used as an adjective describing any
group in which religious influence is minimized
Secular Society
265
- Movement from a sacred to a rationalistic,
utilitarian and experimental viewpoint
Secularization
266
- Means and processes by which society secures
its members conformity to its norms and values
Social Control
267
- Degree of closeness to or acceptance of
members of other groups
Social Distance
268
Movement from one class level to another.
Social Mobility
269
- Respective forms of behaviour commonly
found in social life.
Social Processes
270
- A false ideas or belief which regards all members
of a group as having identical traits
Stereotype
271
- The position of individual in a group
Status
272
- A cluster of behaviour patter=n related to the
general culture of a society yet distinguishable from it. The
behaviour patterns of the distinct group within the general
society
Subculture
273
- Measures of goodness or desirability
Values
274
- The struggle of possession or rewards which are
in limited supply – money, good, status, power, love - anything.
It may be formally defined as the process of seeking to obtain a
reward by surpassing all rival
Competition
275
- This process of mutual cultural diffusion through
which person and groups come to share the common culture
Assimilation
276
Formal Organization - Large social groups that are deliberately
rationally designed to achieve specific objectives. They have a
carefully designed structure that coordinates the activities of the
member of the interest of the organization’s goals
Formal Organization
277
- Social inequality exists when people’s access
to social rewards (such as money, influence, or respect) is
determined by their personal or group characteristics
Social Inequality
278
- The structured inequality of entire
categories of people, who have different access to social rewards
as a result of their status in the social hierarchy
Social Stratification
279
- The kind to leadership necessary to
create harmony and solidarity among member
Expressive Leadership
