SOCIOLOGY

Question 1

When a group of people within a society has a style of living that includes features of the main culture and also certain
cultural elements not found in other groups, this is
known as

Answer 1

subculture

Question 2

e. When that subculture that subculture challenges
the values, beliefs, ideals and other elements of the
dominant culture

Answer 2

Counterculture

Question 3

is an idea shared by the people in a society about what is good
and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.

Answer 3

Value

Question 4

are expectations of how people are supposed to
act, think or feel in specific situation

Answer 4

Norms

Question 5

norms that have little strength and may within limits, be easily broken

Answer 5

Folkways Folkways

Question 6

strongly held norms that are considered essential and which are strictly enforced

Answer 6

Mores

Question 7

norms that have been enacted by the state
to regulate human conduct

Answer 7

Laws

Question 8

contrary to cultural universals,
though societies share commonality in some aspects in
culture, each culture carries a distinct and different
element.

Answer 8

Cultural Diversity

Question 9

the principle holds that one
cannot truly understand or evaluate cultural, social
and psychological facts except in terms of the larger
culture and society of which they are a part

Answer 9

Cultural Relativism

Question 10

tendency to evaluate other
cultures in terms of one’s own and to consider one’s
own culture as superior.

Answer 10

Ethnocentrism

Question 11

belief that the views, styles or
products of other cultures are better than those of
one’s own culture

Answer 11

Xenocentrism

Question 12

results when there is cultural
integration.

Answer 12

Cultural Changes

Question 13

production of a new culture trait
(i.e. norm or value)

Answer 13

Innovation

Question 14

creation of new cultural products

Answer 14

Invention –

Question 15

process by which cultural
traits are transmitted from one group or society to
another

Answer 15

Cultural Diffusion

Question 16

occurs when cultural traits are logically consistent with one another, but maybe logically inconsistent or simply neutral in relation to one another.

Answer 16

Cultural Integration

Question 17

socially defined position in a group or
society

Answer 17

Social Status

Question 18

status that dominates others and
thereby determines a person’s general social position

Answer 18

Master Status

Question 19

status that can be gained by a
person’s direct effort usually through competition

Answer 19

Achieved Status

Question 20

a social position to which a person
is assigned according to standards that are beyond his
or her control

Answer 20

Ascribed Status

Question 21

behavior expected of someone with a
given status in a group or society

Answer 21

Social Roles

Question 22

whole set of roles associated with a single
status

Answer 22

Role Set

Question 23

society’s definition of the way a
role ought to be played

Answer 23

Role Expectation

Question 24

the way a person usually plays
a role

Answer 24

Role Performance

Question 25

situation whereby opposing demands
are made on a person two or more roles

Answer 25

Role Conflict

Question 26

personal stress caused by such
opposing demands

Answer 26

Role Strain

Question 27

oldest and
simplest societal type; nomadic way of life and
primitive technology; family primary concern and
there is little specialization

Answer 27

Hunting and Gathering Societies –

Question 28

cultivate cereal grains and eat wild plants and animals as supplement; form permanent communities; make tools and household objects; produce small surplus; inequalities start to
arise

Answer 28

Horticultural Societies

Question 29

rely on capturing, breeding
and taming of animals as food source; came into
existence at the same time as horticultural societies
through are more of nomadic than stationary.

Answer 29

Pastoral Societies

Question 30

developed the plow which
produced larger surplus and the end of the need to
move to new fields on a regular basis. Social changes
such as further stratification, establishment of
bureaucracies, the rise of cities and the development
of a money economy occurred.

Answer 30

Agrarian Societies

Question 31

used machinery to do many
forms of work and densely populated cities
developed. Large gov’ts, large bureaucracies and ever
more specialized social institutions and social roles
developed

Answer 31

Industrial Societies

Question 32

offices replaced factories; computer took over from the machines and metropolitan areas supplanted towns and cities; main economic enterprise is service.

Answer 32

Post – Industrial Societies

Question 33

individual relationships are based
on common feelings, kinships or memberships in the
community (communal)

Answer 33

Gemeinschaft

Question 34

rational order, neutral involvement,
and obligations to institutions are dominant
(associational)

Answer 34

Gesellschaft

Question 35

members are held
together because they perform similar roles and share
the same values

Answer 35

Mechanical Solidarity

Question 36

member are held together
because they perform very specialized roles and are
therefore highly dependent on one another

Answer 36

Organic Solidarity

Question 37

little division of labor; family
most important unit; social relationships are personal
and long lasting; behavior is governed mainly by
custom and tradition

Answer 37

Communal Society

Question 38

there is division of labor
and roles are highly specialized; family loses influence
and many of its activities are replaced by other
institutions (i.e. economic, religious and political);
many social relationships are impersonal and short
lived; behavior is governed by law rather than by
custom.

Answer 38

Associational Society

Question 39

is the process through which people
acquire personality and learn the ways of a society or
group; socialization occurs through social interaction

Answer 39

Socialization

Question 40

is the process in which people
act toward or respond to others in a mutual and
reciprocal way

Answer 40

Social Interaction –

Question 41

in which a person or
group acts in a certain way toward another in order to
receive a reward in return.

Answer 41

Exchange Relationships

Question 42

interaction in which people or groups
act together in order to achieve common interests or goals
that might be difficult or impossible to realize alone

Answer 42

Cooperation

Question 43

mutual aid

Answer 43

Spontaneous Cooperation

Question 44

spontaneous
cooperation that becomes fixed in a society’s customs

Answer 44

Traditional Cooperation

Question 45

directed by a third party
in a position of authority

Answer 45

Directed Cooperation

Question 46

formal agreement to
cooperate on a certain way with the duties of each
clearly spelled out

Answer 46

Contractual Cooperation

Question 47

struggle for a commonly prized object or
value; conflicts arise because the benefits and rewards of
a society are limited

Answer 47

Conflict

Question 48

a kind of conflict governed by rules
that make the goal being sought more important than the
defeat if any opponents

Answer 48

Competition

Question 49

tendency for one person or group to force
its will on another

Answer 49

Coercion

Question 50

can be defined as two or more people who
have a common identity and some feeling of unity and
who share certain goals and expectations about each
other’s behavior

Answer 50

Social Group

Question 51

are small, personal and unspecialized.
Although relating to one another in many different roles,
their members communicate openly and intimately

Answer 51

Primary groups

Question 52

by contrast are larger, more
specialized groups in which members interact in a
limited, impersonal way

Answer 52

Secondary groups

Question 53

the groups to which people belong and feel
loyal

Answer 53

Ingroups

Question 54

the groups to which we do not belong and
which are regarded with suspicion and as less worthy
than their own

Answer 54

Outgroups

Question 55

fealty

Answer 55

loyalty

Question 56

refers to breakdown of
social institutions. Results when deviance is practiced by
large numbers of people over long periods of time; when
it undermines belief in the value of basic social
institutions or when it produces conflict that cannot be
contained.

Answer 56

Social Disorganization

Question 57

accept validity of social rules but break them for some personal gain

Answer 57

aberrant behavior

Question 58

hope to attract attention to their rule-breaking behavior in an attempt to cause the rule to be changed.

Answer 58

nonconforming –

Question 59

behavior that violates the social norms
of a group or society

Answer 59

Deviance

Question 60

Four types of “deviant adaptations”
accepting goals but rejecting society’s
means of achievement

Answer 60

a. Innovation

Question 61

Four types of “deviant adaptations”
accepting the means but not the goals

Answer 61

b. Ritualism

Question 62

Four types of “deviant adaptations”
rejecting both the goals and the
means

Answer 62

c. Retreatism

Question 63

Four types of “deviant adaptations”
rejecting the goals and the means and
substituting new ones

Answer 63

d. Rebellion

Question 64

means or ways to condition or limit
the actions of people in order to make them want to
conform to social norms most of the time

Answer 64

Social Control

Question 65

“internalization” is one’s
acceptance of the norms of a group or society as part
of one’s identity. It is the most effective means of
socially controlling deviant behavior

Answer 65

Internal Social Control

Question 66

involve the use of social
sanctions which may be applied informally (thru
actions of people we are with on a daily basis); others
are applied formally (agents given that task by
society, eg. Law enforcers, etc.)

Answer 66

External Social Control

Question 67

Class Inequalities
extreme system of stratified inequality in
which freedom is denied to one group in a society

Answer 67

1. Slavery –

Question 68

Class Inequalities
system of stratified inequality in which status
is largely determined at birth and people are locked into
their parents’ social positions.

Answer 68

2. Caste

Question 69

Class Inequalities
stratification associated with type of agrarian
society similar to feudalism

Answer 69

3. Estate

Question 70

most common type of stratification; a
relatively open system based on economic position.

Answer 70

Class Systems

Question 71

upper classes; have access to the means
of production; own and control production and exploit
the labor of the lower classes

Answer 71

Bourgeoisie

Question 72

lower classes; provide labor to production.

Answer 72

Proletariat

Question 73

an enduring pattern based on the
ranking of people in social positions according to their
access to desirables.

Answer 73

Social Stratification

Question 74

inequality is not only required to the
functioning of the society but is also inevitable

Answer 74

Functionalist

Question 75

social inequality is not a necessary part of the
operation of societies rather, the desirables of the
society are in limited supply and the powerful determine
which groups of people will fill which jobs and who will
get what rewards.

Answer 75

Conflict

Question 76

power, based on economics and
political leadership and some inequality are important in
the functioning of the society

Answer 76

Lenski’s theory

Question 77

refers to the movement of a person
from one status or social class to another.

Answer 77

Social Mobility

Question 78

change in social position
between generations

Answer 78

a.Intergenerational mobility

Question 79

occurs in the same
generation

Answer 79

b.Intragenerational mobility

Question 80

any group in a society that consists of
people whose particular biological or social traits cause
them to become the object of prejudice or
discrimination

Answer 80

Minority group

Question 81

a group that is socially distinguished
from other groups, has developed its own subculture,
and has a shared feeling of peoplehood.

Answer 81

Ethnic group

Question 82

group of people who others believe share certain
physical traits and are genetically distinct.

Answer 82

Race

Question 83

judgment of people, objects or situations in
terms of stereotypes or generalizations

Answer 83

Prejudice

Question 84

unfair or unequal treatment of
individuals or groups

Answer 84

Discrimination

Question 85

absorption of an incoming group into
the dominant society.

Answer 85

Assimilation

Question 86

biological merging of an ethnic or
racial group with the native population

Answer 86

Amalgamation

Question 87

pattern of partial assimilation by
which the dominant society allows minorities to achieve
full participation, yet at the same time lets them keep
many of their cultural social differences

Answer 87

Cultural pluralism

Question 88

– process by which a dominant group
causes the deaths of a large number of minority group
members

Answer 88

Annihilation

Question 89

– forcing people out of an area of a society

Answer 89

Expulsion

Question 90

– political reorganization of a nation in
order to make political boundaries correspond more
closely to ethnic or racial ones.

Answer 90

Partitioning

Question 91

– involuntary separation of residential
areas, services or facilities on the basis of the ethnic or
racial characteristics of the people using them.

Answer 91

Segregation

Question 92

– social role associated with being a male
or female

Answer 92

Gender role

Question 93

– conception of ourselves as either male
or female.

Answer 93

Gender identity

Question 94

– status based on a person’s age

Answer 94

Age status

Question 95

– standards of behavior that are appropriate
for various age

Answer 95

Age norms

Question 96

– expectations about a behavior of people
holding particular age statuses

Answer 96

Age roles

Question 97

– behavior that violates the age norms of
a group or society

Answer 97

Age deviance

Question 98

– study of aging and the special problems
of the elderly

Answer 98

Gerontology

Question 99

– study of the medical aspects of aging and
medical practice that emphasizes aging and elderly
patients

Answer 99

Geriatrics

Question 100

– social network of people who are related by
common ancestry or origin or by marriage and
adoption

Answer 100

Kinship

Question 101

– family group which consists of a couple and
their children usually living apart from other relatives

Answer 101

Nuclear

Question 102

– group which consists of one or more
nuclear families plus other relative

Answer 102

Extended

Question 103

– family structure in which the
authority is held by the eldest male

Answer 103

Patriarchal Family

Question 104

– authority is held by the eldest
female.

Answer 104

Matriarchal Family

Question 105

– family structure in which the
husband and wife are equal in authority and privileges

Answer 105

Egalitarian Family

Question 106

– married couple living in the
household or community of the husband’s parents

Answer 106

Patrilocal Residence

Question 107

– married couple living in the
household or community of the wife’s parents

Answer 107

Matrilocal Residence

Question 108

– married couple living apart from
either spouse’s parents or other relatives

Answer 108

Neolocal Residence

Question 109

– father’s side of the family is
defined as kin

Answer 109

Patrilineal Descent

Question 110

– mother’s side of the family is
defined as kin

Answer 110

Matrilineal Descent

Question 111

– children’s kinship is tied to both
sides of the family

Answer 111

Bilateral Descent

Question 112

– marriage within one’s own group

Answer 112

Endogamy

Question 113

– marriage outside one’s own group

Answer 113

Exogamy

Question 114

– marriage with the same social, racial,
ethnic and religious background

Answer 114

`Homogamy

Question 115

– marriage between one man and one
woman

Answer 115

Monogamy

Question 116

– marriage involving more than one
husband or wife

Answer 116

Polygamy

Question 117

– one man with several wives

Answer 117

Polygyny

Question 118

– system of beliefs and practices by which a
group of people interprets and responds to what they feel
is supernatural and sacred

Answer 118

Religion

Question 119

– religious organization that claim as its
membership the entire population of a society; country’s
official religion

Answer 119

Ecclesia

Question 120

– stable, institutionalized organization of
religious believers

Answer 120

Church

Question 121

– several religious organizations
considered socially acceptable by a society

Answer 121

Denomination

Question 122

– less formally organized than a church; usually
composed of people occupying the lower occupational
and educational status

Answer 122

Sect

Question 123

– reject some aspects of established religions;
devise new symbols, rituals and teachings.

Answer 123

Cults

Question 124

– system of beliefs and practices by which a
group of people interprets and responds to what they feel
is supernatural and sacred

Answer 124

Religion

Question 125

– belief in one God

Answer 125

Monotheism

Question 126

– belief in more than one God

Answer 126

Polytheism

Question 127

– centers on a set of ethical,
moral or philosophical principles

Answer 127

Transcendental Idealism

Question 128

– worship and veneration of an animal;
practiced by preliterate people and preindustrial
societies

Answer 128

Totemism

Question 129

– type of religion that does not
recognize specific gods or spirits but that does believe in
supernatural forces that influence humanit

Answer 129

Simple supernaturalism

Question 130

– religion that recognizes active/animate spirits
operating in the world.

Answer 130

Animism

Question 131

– education as a tool used by the ruling classes
to perpetuate social inequality both by controlling access
to education and by training docile, disciplined workers

Answer 131

Conflict

Question 132

– consists of those organizations and
processes through which goods and services are produced
and distributed

Answer 132

Economic Order

Question 133

In a ______________,
the primary sector (agriculture) dominates and the
economy is labor intensive, relying heavily on human
labor.

Answer 133

preindustrial economy

Question 134

In an _______________, the secondary sector
(good producing) dominates and the economy is capital
intensive, relying the machine production.

Answer 134

industrial economy

Question 135

In a ___________ economy, the tertiary sector (service)
dominates.
2.Decentralized

Answer 135

post-industrial economy

Question 136

– decision-making is held by a
large number of individuals, households, cooperatives or
firms;

Answer 136

Decentralized Economy

Question 137

in a __________, the power is in the
hands of a small number of individuals or firms.

Answer 137

centralized economy

Question 138

In a _________, consumers are the key decision
makers, the economy responds to consumer
preferences

Answer 138

market economy

Question 139

In a _______, the ultimate
decision-makers are the planners

Answer 139

planned economy

Question 140

in a system of _________,
the rights to transfer title of ownership to others, the
right to use the property as the owner sees fit and the
right to full use of the products, services or surpluses
the property generates belong to individuals or groups
of individuals

Answer 140

private ownership

Question 141

In a system of ___________ these
rights belong to the state and in a system of
________ these rights are held by a
________, a voluntary economic
association created for the mutual benefit of its
members.

Answer 141

In a system of public ownership these
rights belong to the state and in a system of
cooperative ownership these rights are held by a
cooperative enterprise, a voluntary economic
association created for the mutual benefit of its
members.

Question 142

is a
system of motivating people to act, to buy and sell, to
produce and consume and to use their resources and
technology in particular ways and means

Answer 142

A reward system or incentive system

Question 143

– increased wages, greater profits, bonuses
and other monetary rewards.

Answer 143

Material
incentives

Question 144

– appeal
to peoples’ sense of responsibility to the community,
society or religion

Answer 144

Moral incentives

Question 145

– an economic system based on the private
ownership of wealth. The elements of capitalism
include:private property; profit; competition; laissez
faire

Answer 145

Capitalism

Question 146

– means of production and distribution are
owned collectively rather than privately. The state is
usually the collective owner, but in some forms of socialism, the owner might be a small community or
someone who works for a particular enterprise

Answer 146

Socialism

Question 147

– represents an effort to join features
of socialism, public ownership and a relatively equal
distribution of income, with emphasis on market forces
and decentralized decision-making characteristic of
capitalist economies

Answer 147

Market Socialism

Question 148

– process by which some people and groups
acquire power and exercise it over others

Answer 148

Politics

Question 149

– capacity of people or groups to control or
influence the actions of others, whether those others wish
to cooperate or not

Answer 149

Power

Question 150

– generally recognized and socially right and
necessary

Answer 150

Legitimate

Question 151

– without support of social approval

Answer 151

Illegitimate

Question 152

– legitimate power that is institutional in nature

Answer 152

Authority

Question 153

– conferred by custom and
accepted practice

Answer 153

Traditional Authority

Question 154

– generated by the personality or
exceptional personal appeal of an individual

Answer 154

Charismatic Authority

Question 155

– rests on rationally established
rules (i.e. rules that reflect a systematic attempt to
adjust means to ends, to make institutions to what they
are supposed to do)

Answer 155

Legal-rational Authority

Question 156

– “rule of the people”

Answer 156

Democracy

Question 157

– form of government run by a single
party in which there is a governmental surveillance and
control over all aspects of life

Answer 157

Totalitarianism

Question 158

– form of government in which the
ultimate authority is vested in a single person; the ruler
may be either a monarch, a hereditary ruler or a
dictator

Answer 158

Authoritarianism

Question 159

– the point at which there is
no natural increase in the population

Answer 159

Zero Population Growth

Question 160

– condition in which what people
think they deserve is not what they actually have

Answer 160

Relative Deprivation

Question 161

– augmentation in behavior due to
the presence of other individuals

Answer 161

Social Facilitation

Question 162

– decrease in motivation to exert effort
because of presence of others.

Answer 162

Social Loafing

Question 163

is behavior that occurs in some
response to a common influence or stimulus in relatively
spontaneous, unstructured, and unstable situations

Answer 163

Collective behavior

Question 164

– a temporary grouping of people, physically
close together with a common focus or interest

Answer 164

Crowd

Question 165

– passive crowd involving a minimum
emotional engagement and action by the participants
(eg: people looking into a department store window)

Answer 165

Casual Crowd

Question 166

– follows conventional norms, but
interaction is minimal (eg: passengers on an airplane)

Answer 166

Conventional Crowd

Question 167

– provide opportunities for
emotional expression and release (eg: Times Square
on New Year’s Eve)

Answer 167

Expressive Crowds

Question 168

– contain many mutually supportive
relationships and give a sense of social solidarity or
unity (eg: charismatic and religious groups)

Answer 168

Solidaristic Crowds

Question 169

– group action that is focused on some
goal or object. They are typically angry and hostile and
their activities violate conventional norms. (eg: mobs,
riots)

Answer 169

Acting Crowds

Question 170

– scattered grouping of people who have a
common interest, concern or focus of opinion

Answer 170

Public

Question 171

– Gustave Le Bon suggested that the
crowd was a single organism with one collective mind. He
said that the crowd’s ability to “hypnotize” individuals was
based on three factors: a feeling of invincibility, the great
power that comes from sheer numbers; contagion, the
rapid spread of new ways of thinking; and suggestibility, a
state of fascination in which people are not conscious of
their acts.

Answer 171

Contagion Theory

Question 172

– emphasizes that people in a
crowd tend to release their underlying personal
tendencies, reveal their true selves in a crowd

Answer 172

Convergence Theory

Question 173

– stresses the social aspects of
a crowd. It emphasizes the function of social norms in
shaping crowd behavior, and seeks to explain how new
norms are established and maintained.

Answer 173

Emergent Norm Theory

Question 174

– collective behavior in diffuse social
groupings

Answer 174

Mass Behavior

Question 175

– form of mass behavior in which people, faced
with a threat, react in a seemingly irrational and fearful
manner.

Answer 175

Panic

Question 176

– rare form of collective behavior that
occurs when people find themselves in ambiguous,
threatening situations

Answer 176

Mass Hysteria

Question 177

– follows natural or other types of
disasters that provoke a “crisis crowd” behavior
characterized by a convergence of people on the
disaster scene

Answer 177

Disaster Behavior

Question 178

– or craze is a temporary activity that large
numbers of people enthusiastically pursue

Answer 178

Fad

Question 179

– currently acceptable style of dress or behavior

Answer 179

Fashion

Question 180

– socialized effort to change society
through collective action

Answer 180

Social Movements

Question 181

– seeks to improve society as a
whole by changing certain aspects of the social
structure

Answer 181

Reform Movement

Question 182

– seek more radical change in
society. Their goal is to overthrow the existing social
structure and replace it with new one

Answer 182

Revolutionary Movements

Question 183

– aim to prevent change, or
reverse a change that has already been achieved

Answer 183

Resistance Movements

Question 184

– are attempts to provide their
members with some type of personal transformation,
which may include emotional satisfaction, a new identity
or a different ideology

Answer 184

Expressive Movements

Question 185

– marked by restlessness in the
society, conflict between various groups, and inefficient
and insufficient efforts at dealing with social problems

Answer 185

Preliminary Stage

Question 186

– the discontented become aware that
others share their views and see that united action,
through a social movement, is possible

Answer 186

Popular Stage

Question 187

– excitement of the masses
is formalized. Ideologies are developed that help to give
the movement direction and unity. Values and goals
become clear, and the movement develops an
organizational structure with a hierarchy of leaders

Answer 187

Formal Organization Stage

Question 188

– movement becomes an accepted
and institutionalized part of society.

Answer 188

Institutional Stage

Question 189

– idle talk about the personal or private affairs
of others

Answer 189

Gossip

Question 190

– an untrue or unverified report that is
informally communicated from person to person and it is
not as limited in its subject as is gossip

Answer 190

Rumor

Question 191

– attitudes about an issue that are held
by a public

Answer 191

Public Opinion

Question 192

– calculated manipulation of ideas in a
way that appeals to people’s emotions and prejudice

Answer 192

Propaganda

Question 193

– movement of people from rural to urban
areas

Answer 193

Urbanization

Question 194

– a disparity between the number of
people flooding into the cities and the actual opportunities
and services available to them

Answer 194

Over urbanization

Question 195

– patterns of culture and social structure that
are characteristic of cities and how they differ from the
culture of rural communities

Answer 195

Urbanism

Question 196

– process by which culture traits
spread from one group or society to another

Answer 196

Cultural Diffusion

Question 197

– refers to the major internal social
changes that occur when a traditional preindustrial
society develops economically and becomes
industrialized and urbanized

Answer 197

Modernization

Question 198

– the change and
development of societies over time in either unilinear or
multilinear fashion

Answer 198

Sociocultural Evolution Theory

Question 199

– cultures and societies go through
continual cycles of growth and decay, challenge and
response

Answer 199

Cyclical Theory

Question 200

– analyzes function of change in
preserving social order as a whole

Answer 200

Functionalist Theory

Question 201

– real societies are not as stable as the
functionalists imply and that the theory is unable to
account for many kinds of changes.

Answer 201

Conflict Theory

Question 202

– coined the term “sociology.” He was
a French philosopher who believed that the social and
natural worlds obeyed the same rules.

Answer 202

Auguste Comte

Question 203

– saw in society continuous conflict and
change. Marx believed that societies follow historical
laws determined by economic forces.

Answer 203

Karl Marx

Question 204

– he argued that the main concern of
sociology should be what he called “social facts” (e.g.
laws, customs and institutions), which are external to
people but which exert control over them. He developed
an analysis of suicide based on group connections.

Answer 204

Emile Durkheim

Question 205

– the individual does not feel
connected to the larger society; the person is not
affected by social constraints against suicide

Answer 205

Egoistic Suicide

Question 206

– the individual places the group’s
welfare above his or her own life;

Answer 206

Altruistic Suicide

Question 207

– the individual commits suicide
because of feelings of powerlessness to regulate his
or her life

Answer 207

Fatalistic Suicide

Question 208

– the individual commits suicide
when society lacks social order

Answer 208

Anomic Suicide

Question 209

– best known for his studies of
bureaucracy and capitalism. Much of Weber’s thought
contrasts strongly with that of Marx. He believed that
social scientists can find objective solutions to problems
only if they suspend their own value judgments (value
free sociology).

Answer 209

Max Weber

Question 210

– one of the earliest sociologists to
develop a theory of the self. He coined the term
“LOOKING GLASS SELF” – people’s sense of self reflects
what they think others think of them

Answer 210

Charles Cooley

Question 211

• A theory is a statement that
  organizes a set of concepts in a meaningful way by explaining the
  relationship among men. Theory makes the facts of small lift
  comprehensible. It places seemingly meaningless events in a
  general framework that enables us to determine cause and effect,
  to explain, and to predict

Answer 211

Theoretical Perspective

Question 212

-The functionalist perspective draws
its original inspiration from the work Herbert Spencer and Emile
Durkheim. Spencer compared society sometimes to living
organisms. Any organism has a structure – that is, it consists of a
number of interrelated parts such as a head, limbs, a heart and
so on, that play a function in the life of the total organism. In the
same way, Spencer agreed that a society has a structure. Its
interrelated parts are the family, religion, the military and so on

Answer 212

Functionalist Perspective

Question 213

• in modern
  sociology derives its inspiration from the work of Karl Marx, who
  saw the struggle between social classes as the “engine” of history
  and the main source of change.
  Conflict theories assume that s

Answer 213

Conflict Perspective

Question 214

• The interactionist perspective in
  sociology was strongly influenced by Max Welies, who
  emphasized the importance of understanding the social world
  from the individuals who acts within it. It is concerned primarily
  with the everyday social interaction that takes place as people go
  about their lives

Answer 214

Interactionist Perspective

Question 215

• Hunting and gathering
  people live in small privacy groups that rarely exceed in members.
  The groups are based on kinship, with most members being
  related by ancestry or marriage. They are constantly on the move
  because they must leave an area as soon as they have e xhausted
  its food resources. Warfare is extremely uncommon among
  hunting and gathering people, partly because they have so little
  in the way of material goods to.
  The social structure of these societies is necessarily very simple,
  and their culture cannot become elaborate and diversified

Answer 215

Hunting and Gathering Societies

Question 216

• Pastoralism is a much more reliable and
  productive strategy than hunting and gathering. Not only is a
  steady food supply assured, but the size of the herds can be
  increased over time through careful animal husbandry. An
  important result is that societies can grow much larger, perhaps
  to include hundreds or even thousands of people. Equally
  significant, the greater productivity of pastoralism permits the
  accumulation of a surplus of livestock and food.
  The substance strategy of pastoral societies thus provides
  distinctive social cultural opportunities and limitations. Population
  become larger, political economic institutions begin to develop
  and born social structure and culture become more complex.

Answer 216

Pastoral Societies

Question 217

• Horticulturalists are essentially
  gardeners, cultivating demonstrated plants by hand or with hoes
  or digging sticks, although must periodically move their gardens
  or villages in short distances.
  Because they live in relatively permanent settlements,
  horticulturalists can create more elaborate cultural artifacts than
  can hunters and gatherers or pastoralists. The settled way of life
  and relative large populations of those societies thus permit more
  complex social structures and cultures.

Answer 217

Horticultural Societies

Question 218

• About 6,000 years ago, the plow was
  invented and the agricultural revolution was underway. The use
  of the plow greatly improves the productivity of the land; it brings
  to the surface nutrients that have sunk out of reach of the roots
  of plants, and it returns weeks to the soil to act as fertilizers. As a
  result, food output is greatly increased and a substantial supply
  can be produced

Answer 218

Agricultural Societies

Question 219

tend to be almost constantly at war,
sometimes engaged in systematic empire-building. These
conditions demand an effective military organization, and
permanent armies appear for the first time. The need for efficient
transport and communications in these large societies leads to
the development of roads and novices, and previously isolated
communities are brought into contact with one another.

Answer 219

Agricultural societies

Question 220

A society relying on agriculture as a subsistence strategy thus has
a far more complex social structure and culture than any of the
less involved types of societies. The number of statuses and roles
multiplies, population size increases, cities appear, new
institutions emerges, social classes arise, political and economic
inequality becomes built into the social structure, and culture
becomes much more diversified.

Answer 220

Agricultural societies

Question 221

• Industrialism is based on the application
  of scientific knowledge to the technology of production, enabling
  new energy sources to be harnessed and permitting machines to
  do the work that was previously done by people or animals. It is a
  highly efficient subsistence strategy, for it allow relatively small
  portion of the population to feed the majority. Family and kinship
  becomes progressively less important in the social culture. The
  family losses many of its earlier functions. It is no longer a unit of
  economic production, nor thus it has the main responsibility for
  the education of the young. Kinship ties are weakened, and
  people live with their immediate family but apart from more
  distant kin. People no longer share similar life experiences and
  consequently hold many different and competing values and
  beliefs. Science, however, emerges as a new and important social
  institution, for technological innovation depends on growth and
  refinement of scientific and for the first time, formal education
  become

Answer 221

Industrial Societies

Question 222

• A group is a collection of people interacting together in
  an orderly way on the basis of shared expectation about each
  other’ s behaviour. As a result of this interaction, members feel a
  common sense of “belonging”

Answer 222

Group

Question 223

• A primary group consists of a small member of
  people who interact in direct, intimate and personal ways. His
  relationship among the members is emotionally depth, and the
  group tends to endure over time. Typical primary groups include
  the family, gang or a college per group.

Answer 223

Primary Group

Question 224

• Consists a number of people who have few,
  if any emotional ties with one another. The members come
  together for some specific, practical purpose, such as making
  committee decision or attending a convention.

Answer 224

Secondary Group

Question 225

• A small group is one that contains sufficiently few
  members for the participants to relate to one another as
  individuals. Whether the small group is a primary or secondary
  depends on the nature of their relationships among its members

Answer 225

Small Group

Question 226

• A leader is someone who by virtue of certain
  personality, the characteristics is consistently able to influence the
  behavior of others. Groups always have leaders even if the leader
  do not hold formal positions of authority.

Answer 226

Leadership

Question 227

• Peaceful adjustment between hostile or
  competing groups; ”antagonistic cooperation”.

Answer 227

Accommodation

Question 228

• Status reached by individual effort

Answer 228

Achieved Status

Question 229

• Gathering of people without conscious interaction

Answer 229

Aggregate

Question 230

• Biological inter-breeding of two or more
  peoples of distinct physical appearance until they become one
  stock.

Answer 230

Amalgamation

Question 231

• A situation in which a large number of person lack
  interaction with stable institutions, leaving them rootless and
  normless

Answer 231

Anomie

Question 232

• A term used to describe both the
  institution structure of communities and also the process by which the functions of various aspects of community living are
  continuously brought into close integration with each other

Answer 232

Community Organization -

Question 233

A term that expresses generalized or common
element found in a number of specific cases

Answer 233

Concept

Question 234

Seeking to monopolize rewards by eliminating or
weakening the competition.

Answer 234

Conflict

Question 235

• A married couple and their dependent
  children.

Answer 235

Conjugal Family

Question 236

• Extended clan of blood relatives with
  their mates and children

Answer 236

Consanguine Family

Question 237

• Heredity status without regard to individual
  ability or performance

Answer 237

Ascribed Role

Question 238

• Mutual cultural diffusion through which persons
  or groups come to share a common culture

Answer 238

Assimilation

Question 239

• A tendency to feel and act in a certain way

Answer 239

Attitude

Question 240

• Administration characterized by rules, hierarchy
  of office and centralized authority.

Answer 240

Bureaucracy

Question 241

• A stratified society in which social position is
  entirely determined by parentage, with no provision for achieved
  status.

Answer 241

Caste System

Question 242

• A small group of intimates with intense in-group feeling
  based on common sentiments and interest.

Answer 242

Clique

Question 243

• A group of people who have a certain sense of
  belonging together and who reside in a given geographical area.

Answer 243

Community

Question 244

• Failure to conform to the customary norms of
  society.

Answer 244

Deviation

Question 245

• A practice that trails equal people as nonequals; limiting opportunity or reward according to race, religion
  or ethnic group

Answer 245

Discrimination

Question 246

• A number of people with a common cultural
  heritage which sets them apart from others in variety of social
  relationships.

Answer 246

Ethnic Group

Question 247

• A requirement that one mates on selected people
  outside some specified groups

Answer 247

Exogamy

Question 248

• The concept that the function, meaning
  and desirability of a trait depend upon its cultural setting

Answer 248

Cultural Relativism

Question 249

• The toleration of cultural differences within
  a common society; allowing different groups to retain their
  distinctive cultures

Answer 249

Cultural Pluralism

Question 250

• The smallest unit of culture as perceive by a
  given observer

Answer 250

Cultural Trait

Question 251

• The total heritage which the individual receives from
  the group; a system of behaviour by the members of society.

Answer 251

Culture

Question 252

• A cluster of related traits organized around a
  particular activity. Embodies certain common values and
  procedures and meet certain basic needs of society

Answer 252

Culture Complex

Question 253

• A process in which the responses of each partly
  successively become stimuli for the responses of the other

Answer 253

Interaction

Question 254

• Standard behaviour. Statistical norm is a measure of
  actual conduct; cultural norm states the expected behaviour of
  the culture

Answer 254

Norm

Question 255

• The nuclear family plus other kin with whom
  important relation are maintained. The other kin may or may not
  live in the same house

Answer 255

Extended Family

Question 256

• Customary, normal, habitual behaviour characteristic
  of the members of the group

Answer 256

Folkways

Question 257

• A type of community life in which impersonal,
  superficial, and business like relationship prevail, secondary group
  contacts of a transitory sort predominate. The large urban centers
  are the prime example of a gesellschaft community.

Answer 257

Gesellschaft

Question 258

• A system of ideas which sanctions a set of norms

Answer 258

Ideology

Question 259

• The method of arriving at general
  principles from actual observation of behaviour of what is being
  studied

Answer 259

Inductive Method

Question 260

• A form of polygamy in which a husband has several
  wives

Answer 260

Polygymy

Question 261

• The same as conjugal Family

Answer 261

Nuclear Family

Question 262

• The tendency to govern actions by special
  relations to an individual or group rather than by criteria equally
  applicable to all men. Nepotism is an example.

Answer 262

Particularistic

Question 263

y - A form of polygamy in which plural husband share a
wife (many husbands)

Answer 263

Polyandry

Question 264

• A society with a diversity of folkway and
  mores. The term is also used as an adjective describing any
  group in which religious influence is minimized

Answer 264

Secular Society

Question 265

• Movement from a sacred to a rationalistic,
  utilitarian and experimental viewpoint

Answer 265

Secularization

Question 266

• Means and processes by which society secures
  its members conformity to its norms and values

Answer 266

Social Control

Question 267

• Degree of closeness to or acceptance of
  members of other groups

Answer 267

Social Distance

Question 268

Movement from one class level to another.

Answer 268

Social Mobility

Question 269

• Respective forms of behaviour commonly
  found in social life.

Answer 269

Social Processes

Question 270

• A false ideas or belief which regards all members
  of a group as having identical traits

Answer 270

Stereotype

Question 271

• The position of individual in a group

Answer 271

Status

Question 272

• A cluster of behaviour patter=n related to the
  general culture of a society yet distinguishable from it. The
  behaviour patterns of the distinct group within the general
  society

Answer 272

Subculture

Question 273

• Measures of goodness or desirability

Answer 273

Values

Question 274

• The struggle of possession or rewards which are
  in limited supply – money, good, status, power, love - anything.
  It may be formally defined as the process of seeking to obtain a
  reward by surpassing all rival

Answer 274

Competition

Question 275

• This process of mutual cultural diffusion through
  which person and groups come to share the common culture

Answer 275

Assimilation

Question 276

Formal Organization - Large social groups that are deliberately
rationally designed to achieve specific objectives. They have a
carefully designed structure that coordinates the activities of the
member of the interest of the organization’s goals

Answer 276

Formal Organization

Question 277

• Social inequality exists when people’s access
  to social rewards (such as money, influence, or respect) is
  determined by their personal or group characteristics

Answer 277

Social Inequality

Question 278

• The structured inequality of entire
  categories of people, who have different access to social rewards
  as a result of their status in the social hierarchy

Answer 278

Social Stratification

Question 279

• The kind to leadership necessary to
  create harmony and solidarity among member

Answer 279

Expressive Leadership