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My MCAT decks > Sociology 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Sociology 1 & 2 Flashcards

Terms from class 1 and 2 of Princeton Review Ultimate MCAT Course

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

3 Ps of Socioeconomic status

A

property, prestige, power

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2
Q

absolute vs relative poverty

A

absolute=inability to access basic necessities. relative=can’t meet an average standard of wealth defined by a society

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3
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Macro level theory supported by Marx and modified by Weber that suggests that society is in a never-ending competition for limited resources like money, land, power, and resources. Zero sum game. Those with the most resources will use their power to take more and suppress the advancement of others. Weber adjusted this to say that there is more than one source of conflict, not just income inequality, and people react differently to inequality.

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4
Q

Internal validity vs External validity

A

Internal: extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention. External: extent to which the result can be generalized to a greater population

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5
Q

Socioeconomic gradient in health

A

as SES increases, health increases

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6
Q

Social condition

A

social determinants of health like availability of food, drug usage, access to quality education, etc

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7
Q

Mixed methods

A

combination of within-subjects/between-subjects experimental design or mix of qualitative/quantitative

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8
Q

cultural diffusion vs cultural transmission

A

cultural diffusion=transfer of elements of culture from one social group to another, leading to cultural similarities. cultural transmission=cultural information is spread across generations

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9
Q

What does the p-value say about the relationship between variables

A

lower p value= stronger relationship

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10
Q

Which sociological theory was Herbert Mead associated with?

A

Herbert Mead

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11
Q

Exchange theory

A

individuals respond to and make decisions based on maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments

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12
Q

Type 1 Error vs Type 2 Error

A

Type 1=false positive, Type 2=false negative. Type 2 is better because type 1 can be very harmful

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13
Q

Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim were major proponents of which major sociological theory?

A

Functionalism

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14
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Micro level theory that suggests that people act towards things based on the meaning they ascribe to objects, events, and behaviors. by Mead

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15
Q

race vs ethnicity

A

physical traits vs cultural

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16
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

Erving Goffman’s theory of symbolic interactionism that states that people choose what kind of image they want to communicate to the people around them, just like how actors project certain personas

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17
Q

three waves of feminism

A
  1. suffrage, womens rights 2. social liberties, pay, reproductive rights 3. intersectionality and diversity of women
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18
Q

aristocracy vs autocracy

A

aristarchies are rules by a small group of people (either elite class or meritous) while autocracies are rules by a single person with absolute power

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19
Q

hegemony

A

coerced acceptance of the values, expectations, and conditions, as determined by the capitalist class. Supports a conflict theorist view that unequal social order is maintained through ideological coercion that creates a societal consensus

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20
Q

Between-subjects vs within-subjects design

A

Between-subjects: comparisons are made between groups of people. Within-subjects compares the same group at different time points all going through the same conditions

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21
Q

When is/what happens during the third/last stage of Mead’s development of the self?

A

Game stage (7+): Children begin to learn/understand the “generalized other” which is the generalized attitude of a large social group towards certain groups/people/roles etc. Begin to play games with rules and understand the social self “me” vs the personal response to that social self “I”

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22
Q

Social constructs

A

anything that appears obvious or natural to the people that accept it but is largely the invention of society

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23
Q

Social reproduction

A

social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next

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24
Q

Demand characteristics

A

the tendency of participants to subconsciously or consciously behave how they are expected to behave, which threatens internal validity

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25
Q

Iron Law of Oligarchy

A

All forms of organization develop oligarchic tendencies, especially in large/complex groups, where the few come to rule the many

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26
Q

reference group

A

a group that someone identifies with and compares themself to, while they may or may not be a member of the group

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27
Q

Mead’s “I” vs “me”

A

the social self=”me” vs the personal response to that social self=”I”. Both merge to form the actual self

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28
Q

Looking-Glass Self

A

theory that the self is shaped by the perception of how others view them as well as their interactions with others

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29
Q

McDonaldization

A

principles of privatized fast food industry (efficiency, profit) dominating other sectors of society

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30
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Individuals make decisions by comparing the costs/benefits devoid of interactions with other people. Based on utilitarianism

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31
Q

social epidemiology

A

the study of social determinants of health and use social concepts to explain health patterns

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32
Q

Anomie

A

Normlessness, minimal moral guidance or social ethic. Mismatch between wider social standards and individuals’ standards, contributing to deviancy. Durhkeim suggested that anomie is what causes social dysfunction and failure of the dynamic equilibrium of the whole

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33
Q

Reliability (or replicability) vs Validity (or construct validity)

A

Replicability is if the measure can produce stable and consistent results. Validity is if the tool measures what it is supposed to measure

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34
Q

medical model of disease and medicalization

A

emphasizing physical or medical factors as being the cause of all illness and making medical explanations for social problems

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35
Q

Functionalism (Structural functionalism)

A

Macro level theory that suggests that society is like a living organism where the parts contribute to the dynamic equilibrium of the whole by maintaining order, structure and stability.

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36
Q

socialization

A

The dynamic process when an individual internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of society. How constructs are maintained and passed down

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37
Q

authoritarian vs totalitarian

A

authoritarian governments may give the public some individual freedoms just not control over representation while totalitarian governments control all aspects of public and private life

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38
Q

Randomized block technique

A

researchers evaluate where participants fall along the variables they wish to equalize across experimental and control groups and randomly assign individuals from these groups to make sure the groups are evenly distributed

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39
Q

flaws of functionalism

A

too positive, doesn’t think about the individuals

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40
Q

rational-legal authority vs traditional authority vs charismatic authority

A

Rational-legal=legal rules and powers derive from a document like the Constitution. Traditional authority=government that derives power from custom, tradition, or accepted practice. Charismatic authority=power from persuation

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41
Q

Rationalization of Society

A

Max Weber’s theory that suggests that societies trend towards an increase in efficiency and away from traditional religious standards of spirituality and morality, promoting an increase in impersonal bureaucracies

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42
Q

teacher expectancy theory

A

Teachers form expectations of certain students and act toward that student with that in mind. The students begin to perform in accordance with those expectations

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43
Q

Glass escalator vs glass ceiling

A

escalator=men are fast tracked to advanced positions when entering female work environments, ceiling=barrier for women preventing rising above a certain level in the hierarchy

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44
Q

Common/Collective consciousness

A

Concept proposed by Emile Durkheim that suggests that people in a shared culture come to think in a similar manner due to their shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which all operate to unify society. Cultural links and dynamic equilibrium create this societal solidarity which exerts a strong influence on individual actors.

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45
Q

Charles Cooley’s 3 stages of self development (symbolic interactionism)

A
  1. we imagine how we appear to others 2. we imagine what others think about us based on their observations 3. we develop feelings about ourselves based on these imagined judgements and behave in ways that confirm these judgements
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46
Q

hidden curriculum

A

the lessons learned in school that are latent functions (unintentional), ie. teacher reinforcing certain lessons that are against what they are teaching

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47
Q

Social stratification: caste vs class vs meritocracy

A

caste=status defined by birth alone, class=status determined by both birth and merit, meritocracy=determined only by merit. Doesn’t really exist

48
Q

command economy vs market economy

A

command=economic decisions are based on a plan of production and the means of production are often public as in socialism. market=economic decisions are based on the market, supply and demand, and the means of production are often private

49
Q

Ecclesia

A

a dominant religious organization that people are born into and is often integrated into political institutions

50
Q

Malthusian Theory of demographic change

A

the population will continue to grow until it exceeds the carrying capacity, leading to overpopulation, famine, war, etc “Malthusian catastrophe”

51
Q

Republican governments vs federalist governments vs parliamentary vs presidential

A

republican=people have all the power, federalist=representative head that shares power with other fringe local governments, parliamentary=executive and legislative branches are interconnected. presidential=organizing branches +head of state

52
Q

When is/what happens during the first stage of Mead’s development of the self?

A

Preparatory phase (0-2): children use symbols and language but only by mimicking those around them

53
Q

authoritarian governments vs democratic governments

A

Authoritarian governments do not have unelected officials. Democratic governments consist of elected leaders

54
Q

endogamy vs exogamy

A

endogamy=practice of marrying within a particular group, exogamy=requirement to marry outside a particular group ie. no incest

55
Q

polygyny vs polyandry

A

polygyny=man married to more than one woman, polyandry=woman married to more than one man

56
Q

Social constructionism

A

Both macro and micro theory that argues that we actively shape our reality through social interactions

57
Q

Socialism

A

an economic system in which all means of production are owned by all workers equally

58
Q

Protestant/Puritan work ethic

A

Hard work for the sake of godliness. Weber said that this was the critical factor for the success of a capitalist society

59
Q

availability vs accessibility

A

if the resource exists in your area vs if you are able to obtain it

60
Q

Max Weber’s characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy

A

hierarchy, division of labor, neutral/impersonal, written rules and expectations, hiring/promoting based on competence and skills

61
Q

Class struggle

A

a conflict theory idea that suggests that imbalances in wealth, power, and prestige create a class struggle between those who control the means of production and those who provide labor

62
Q

Talcott Parsons concept of the sick role

A

Being ill is a type of deviance where society exempts them from normal social roles and doesn’t blame the person for their condition and in exchange, the person must fulfill the role obligations of an ill person

63
Q

Demographic transition model

A

societies move from high birth/high death rates to low birth/low death rates

64
Q

When is/what happens during the second stage of Mead’s development of the self?

A

Play stage (2-6): children learn to play the roles of others via pretend games without rules

65
Q

Sampling bias vs selection bias

A

sampling bias is if it isn’t equally likely for all members of a population to be sampled. Selection bias is a more general category of systemic flaws, including selecting which studies to evaluate in a meta-analysis, which get published, or attrition if participants drop out of the study.

66
Q

Thomas theorem

A

interpretation of a situation affects the response to that situation

67
Q

Manifest vs Latent Functions

A

Manifest=intended consequences, Latent=unintended or less recognizable consequences

68
Q

Class Consciousness vs false consciousness

A

Class consciousness: part of conflict theory that suggests that members of subordinate class are aware that they are being exploited by the wealthy. False consciousness: lack of such awareness, where members of a subordinate class see themselves as individuals, not as part of an exploited group

69
Q

social capital

A

social networks have benefits

70
Q

OCEAN model of personality

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

71
Q

life course perspective of personality

A

personality develops based on various cultural, social, structural components of one’s life

72
Q

freud’s 3 parts of the personality

A

id: unconscious, avoid pain and seek pleasure
ego: logical thinking and planning, attempts to compromise with the other two
superego: moral judgement

73
Q

Freud’s and Erikson’s stages from age 0-1

A

F: oral, E: trust v mistrust

74
Q

Freud’s and Erikson’s stages from age 1-3

A

F: anal, E: autonomy v shame

75
Q

Freud’s and Erikson’s stages from age 3-6

A

F: phallic (Oedipus and electra complexes), E: initiative v guilt

76
Q

Freud’s and Erikson’s stages from age 6-12

A

F: latency, E: industry v inferiority

77
Q

Freud’s and Erikson’s stages from age 12+

A

F: genital, E: identity v role confusion

78
Q

Erikson’s stage in young adulthood

A

intimacy v isolation

79
Q

Erikson’s stage in middle age

A

generativity v stagnation

80
Q

Erikson’s stage in old age

A

integrity v despair

81
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanist perspective: human development progresses from undifferentiated to differentiated self-concept. Goal of self-actualization via unconditional positive regard

82
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social cognitive perspective, observational learning, personality is a result of behavior, how we think about behavior, and environment. Bobo doll experiment with aggression and observational learning

83
Q

trait perspective

A

personality is a result of traits that are relatively stable over time

84
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Trait perspective + genetics, genetic differences determine different personality traits. Trait perspective describes the traits but GENETICS explains them

85
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

aroused state leads someone to address the need which then decreases arousal

86
Q

James-Lange Theory of emotion

A

physiological response to stimulus causes the emotion

87
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

A

stimulus simultaneously causes the physiological and emotional responses.

88
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion

A

emotion is determined by arousal and the context/interpretation of the stimulus. Cognitive interpretation of physiological arousal determines the emotion

89
Q

opponent-process theory

A

0 sum game between opposite pairs of emotions

90
Q

cognitive appraisal of stress

A

primary response: initial evaluation of stressor and threat

secondary response: evaluation of our ability to cope with the stressor

91
Q

HPA Axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone, pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenal gland releases cortisol. Cortisol causes stress reaction and does negative feedback on corticotropin releasing hormone

92
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

body builds resistance to stress as stimulus continues but eventually becomes exhausted and resistance is depleted

93
Q

social support hypothesis: Buffering hypothesis

A

social support serves a protective barrier that puts psychological distance between a person and a stressor

94
Q

social support hypothesis: Direct Effects hypothesis

A

social support increases health and wellness and allows people to better manage stress

95
Q

principle of aggregation

A

attitudes are better at predicting general patterns of behavior than specific behaviors. Just because someone has an attitude about something generally doesn’t mean they won’t do it occasionally.

96
Q

attachment theory

A

parent-child relationships strongly influence the child’s attitude about the self and the world.

97
Q

source traits vs surface traits

A

source traits=stable across situations, surface traits=dependent on context

98
Q

spaced repetition

A

reduces forgetting and allows for long-term retention

99
Q

priming

A

memory aid that only works in the presence of that aid

100
Q

source monitoring

A

knowing the source of where a memory came from

101
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

optimal level of emotional arousal

102
Q

what biological causes are associated with Alzheimer’s disease

A

amyloid plaques (protein clumps outside cells) and neurofibrillary tangles (protein clumps inside cell)

103
Q

what biological causes are associated with Parkinson’s disease

A

dying of dopaminergenic neurons, decreased dopamine, and abnormal aggregates of Lewy body proteins inside neurons

104
Q

monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

depression is a result of deplention of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in CNS

105
Q

Bipolar I vs bipolar II

A

bipolar 1 has more intense manic episodes than bipolar 2

106
Q

positive vs negative symptoms

A

positive symptoms=presence of new things vs negative symptoms=absence of normal functioning

107
Q

Clusters A, B, and C of personality disorders

A

A: schizophrenic-like symptoms, B: dramatic and erratic symptoms, C: anxiety/OCD related behaviors

108
Q

brain waves involved in normal awake relaxed consciousness

A

alpha

109
Q

brain waves involved in high alertness

A

beta

110
Q

brain waves involved in Stage 1 of sleep and meditation

A

theta

111
Q

brain waves involved in deep sleep (stage 3-4)

A

delta

112
Q

physiological indicators of circadian rhythms

A

melatonin (by pineal gland), body temperature, serum cortisol levels

113
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a part of the hypothalamus that regulates circadian rhythm via melatonin production, sleep, and body temp. Affects the adrenal cortex which releases cortisol

114
Q

conjunction fallacy (Linda problem)

A

people are more likely to assume a higher probability of two things rather than one, based off of a description of a person. For example, which is more probable? Linda is a lawyer or linda is a lawyer and an activist? After reading a passage about linda’s personality, people choose the second one even though it is incorrect

115
Q

Conversion disorder vs somatic symptom disorder

A

conversion disorder=converts anxiety into physical symptoms. somatic symptom disorder=excessive worrying/anxiety about your symptoms

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