Sociocultural Level of Analysis

Question 1

Tajfel et al (1971)

Answer 1

SOCIAL CATEGORISATION, BOYS DISTRIBUTE MONEY, KLEE & KANDINSKY

favoured own group when distributing rewards & penalties. only knew details about membership code. painting preference determined groups. important to be part of high-status groups by making sure there are low-status groups.

Question 2

Dunham et al (2011)

Answer 2

CHILDREN & COLOURED T-SHIRTS, MINIMAL GROUPS

attitude, coin allocation, behavioural attribution - preferred own gender. all except behavioural attribution - evidence for ingroup preference (IAT strongest). gender has more of an influence than group membership, presence of groups creates preferences.

Question 3

Bandura, Ross & Ross (1961)

Answer 3

BOBO DOLL

children exposed to aggressive behaviour imitated. violence in boys influenced more by agressive male model than female. girls more influenced by agressive female model than male. boys more agressive than girls in all conditions. learn behaviour through observation & imitation, can be without reinforcement or deliberate teaching.

Question 4

Van Zundert et al (2009)

Answer 4

SMOKING LAPSE & RELAPSE

29.6% successfully gave up. those who rated high pros & smoked lots had lowest self-efficacy. pros, self efficacy, baseline status didn’t predict abstinence.

Question 5

Perdue et al (1990)

Answer 5

INGROUP/OUTGROUP PRONOUNS

1: pleasantness of nonsense syllable determined by pronoun. 2: decisions for positive & ingroup much quicker. 3: positive traits responded to quicker, and quicker following ingroup pronoun.
intergroup bias a product on ingroup favouritism more than outgroup prejudice.

Question 6

Smith & Alpert (2008)

Answer 6

META-ANALYSIS, STOP & SEARCH

positive correlation between unconscious racial stereotyping and biased decision making, overrepresentation of minorites being stopped & searched as a result, illusory correlation.

Question 7

Siy & Cheryan (2013)

Answer 7

POSITIVE STEREOTYPES, “ASIANS GOOD AT MATHS”

experimental group evaluated partner more negatively, felt more negative emotions, greater sense of depersonalisation. caused by positive stereotypes of US born Asian Americans.

Question 8

Asch (1951, 55, 56)

Answer 8

LINE-JUDGING, CONFORMITY

naïve participants conformed & gave incorrect answer 32% of the time.

Question 9

Wang et al (2007)

Answer 9

CULTURAL AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES

all recalled more memories from later years, US most, China least. memories most remembered were rehearsed more, of moderate personal experience, vivid, emotionally intense, positive. period of infantile amnesia differs across cultures - due to cultural influences).

Question 10

Smith & Bond (1996)

Answer 10

LINE-JUDGING META-ANALYSIS

people from more individualistic cultures conformed less often that those from collectivist.

Question 11

Takano & Sogon (2008)

Answer 11

JAPANESE ASCH REPLICA

rate of conformity 25.2%, no relationship between conformity & duration of club membership. similar to American conformity rate (Smith & Bond found it was 25%).

Question 12

Bornstein et al (2011)

Answer 12

PARENTING ATTITUDES

significant differences in parenting attitudes in different cultures, most more progressive. mothers more progressive, fathers more authoritarian. shows effect of enculturation.

Question 13

Corral & Landrine (2008)

Answer 13

IMMIGRANT MEXICAN COMMUNITY IN USA

USA born/English speaking: high smoking, high exercise, low fruit/veg. Mexican: low smoking, low exercise, high fruit/veg. genders same direction, different starting points. operant model of health behaviors accurately predicted behaviour as outcome of acculturation.

Question 14

Inman et al (2007)

Answer 14

VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY

1st gen Asian Indian Hindu parents, ethnic identity (self as Indian/bicultural) important. acculturated to host culture, still identified with previous culture. acknowledged children’s bicultural struggles.