Cognitive Level of Analysis Flashcards
Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)
SERIAL POSITION
recall immediately - U shape
10s delay - removed most of end peak
30s delay - no recency effect at all
supports hypothesis of two distinct storage mechanisms for LTM & STM
Terry (2005)
TV ADS, SERIAL POSITION
immediate recall - primacy & recency
delayed recall - primacy
supports multistore model of memory
KF Case Study - Shallice & Warrington (1969)
OPPOSITE OF HM, ANTEREOGRADE AMNESIA
forgets present, remembers past events. damage to left parietal lobe. STM severely impaired - capacity for one word/letter/number. LTM intact. difference between auditory & visual memory capacity (memory for visually presented matieral better) suggests two separate stores. contradicts MSMM theory that material is first processed in STM then LTM.
Gathercole et al (2004)
CHILDREN, WMM
developmental functions for measures associated with phonological loop, central executive, visuo-spatial sketchpad all very similar - linear increase in performance with age.
Bartlett (1932)
WAR OF THE GHOSTS
reproduction of story subject to three processes: omission of irrelevant, unpleasant, unfamiliar; transformation of material (e.g. canoes to boats); transportation of details from one part to another. memory is an active reconstruction based on previous cultural schemas.
Riso et al (2006)
EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS
EMS are stable over long-term for depressed individuals. using EMS in schema-based therapy is justified.
Alba & Hascher (1983)
ANALYSIS OF OTHER STUDIES
encoding & recall processes identified: selection, abstraction, interpretation, integration, reconstruction. memories of complex events more detailed than processes permit. distortion less common than suggested.
Evans (2003)
A, D, 3, 7
abstract: Wason (1966). performance affected by system 1 heuristic - matching bias.
thematic: correct answer strongly cued by prior knowledge, performance is sensitive to context. rationalised system 1 decision with system 2 thinking to explain.
Ajzen & Driver (1992)
LEISURE ACTIVITIES
activities more easily available guided more by intention - intention correlated positively with behaviour. perceived behavioural control contributed more to other three “problematic”. subjective norms had no effect on behaviour.
Loftus & Palmer (1974)
HIT/SMASHED
speed estimate moderated by intensity of verb: smashed=40.8mph, collided=39.3mph, contacted=31.8mph
estimates of presence of glass (when there was none) increased with intensity of verb: smashed=32%, hit=14%
Loftus & Pickrell (1995)
FALSE MEMORIES
68% true events remembered, 29% false. true events more clear. 19/24 correctly identified false memory. people will create false recalls in response to misleading information.
Sundali & Cronson (2006)
GAMBLING
half showed gambler’s fallacy, other half showed opposite behaviour. 44.6% bet consistently with hot had bias. 42 (/139 total) who acted consistently with gambler’s fallacy also acted with hot hand. both biases typical of representativeness heuristic.
Brown & Kulik (1977)
FLASHBULB MEMORIES - CULTURAL
categories appearing most often: place, ongoing activity, informant, emotion, aftermath. 79/80 flashbulb memories for Kennedy’s assassination, 69/80 for personal shock. personal significance correlated with flashbulb memories.
Neisser & Harsch (1992)
FLASHBULB MEMORIES - SPACE SHUTTLE
memories of how people found out about space shuttle disaster changed over time, some reported being at certain evets that didn’t happen with they heard - flashbulb memories vivid & long-lasting but not reliable.
Talarico & Rubin (2003)
FLASHBULB MEMORIES - 9/11 & PERSONAL EVENT
memory of first hearing of 9/11 & recent everyday event - both declined with time. self-ratings of vividness, recollection, belief in accuracy only declined in everyday event. special not in accuracy but in percieved accuracy.
