Socio-cultural approaches to behaviour

Question 1

Social Identity Theory’s creator

Answer 1

Tajfel and Turner

Question 2

Social Identity Theory’s concept

Answer 2

o Sense of self is derived from the group identity we associate with
o Used to increase self-esteem through the sense of belonging into a group

Question 3

Social Identity Theory’s elements

Answer 3

1. Categorization - grouping people together based on certain attributes (e.g gender, religion)
   o social categorization groups people into ingroup
   & outgroups
2. Identification - associating one’s identity as a member of a group, taking on values and beliefs of the group
3. Social comparison - establish positive distinctiveness to further increase one’s self-esteem
   o Ingroup favoritism - bias to benefiting ingroup
   o Outgroup discrimination - creating disadvantages
   towards outgroup members (negative
   distinctiveness)

Question 4

Tajfel et al’s year

Answer 4

1971

Question 5

Tajfel et al’s aim

Answer 5

To investigate whether the simple act of grouping, minimal group paradigm, was enough to produce prejudice against members who aren’t in their group

Question 6

Tajfel et al’s sample

Answer 6

64 boys aged 14 to 15

Question 7

Tajfel et al’s method + procedure

Answer 7

Experiment;

1. Ask the sample to estimate the number of dots of 40 series of dots
2. Randomly allocated the boys into two groups, (overestimators & underestimators). Told the boys it was based on the first task
3. Then the sample played competitive games, in which they would assign points/ money to other individuals based on their groupings

Question 8

Tajfel et al’s findings

Answer 8

o The sample were more likely to reward their ingroup members + punish outgroup members

Question 9

Social Learning Theory’s creator

Answer 9

Bandura

Question 10

Social Learning Theory’s concept

Answer 10

Individuals can learn from observing others around us but whether we imitate behaviours are based on other factors

Question 11

Social Learning Theory’s elements

Answer 11

1. Observing the model - they must pay attention to the model and remember their behaviour that they’re capable of reproducing
2. Outcome expectations - observing reward/ punishment expected if behaviour is imitated
3. Self-efficacy - extent an individual thinks they could reproduce and master the skill
4. Identification of model - extent one identifies with the model (strong = increased likelihood of reproducing)

Question 12

Bandura et al’s year

Answer 12

1961

Question 13

Bandura et al’s aim

Answer 13

to investigate whether exposure to an agressive model acting aggressively towards Bobo would cause the child to act aggressively towards Bobo

Question 14

Bandura et al’s sample

Answer 14

72 children aged 3 to 6

Question 15

Bandura et al’s method + procedure

Answer 15

Experiment

1. The child sat on a corner of a room with stickers and prints, while an adult model (aggressive or not aggressive) walked into the room and sat in the other corner with Bobo doll, mallet, tinkertoy set.
2. Took the child into another room and presented them with attractive toys, but took them away when they showed signs of interest (instigate aggression)
3. Then took the child into another room with all the same items in the first room.
4. 20 mins observation period of the child’s behaviour using a checklist of potential behaviours (imitative aggression + non-imitative aggression such as shooting a dart at bobo)

Question 16

Bandura et al’s findings

Answer 16

o Children who had an aggressive model was more prone to exhibiting aggressive behaviours
o Boys were more aggressive than girls overall
o Girls were prone to verbal aggression
o Boys were more prone to physical aggression
o The chances of the child showing aggression was higher in models with the same sex as the child themselves

Question 17

Cultural dimensions

Answer 17

general factors that underlie cross-cultural differences in values and behaviour of an individual

Question 18

Hofstede’s approach to creating the dimensions

Answer 18

Etic approach to research
Multinational company IBM filling in surveys about morale in the workplace (~40 most represented countries)
Factor analysis on the questionnaires, focusing on the key differences submitted by employees in different countries

Question 19

Individualism vs collectivism

Answer 19

defines how much they associate their identity with the values and beliefs of their group

Question 20

Individualist

Answer 20

Defines their own personality in terms of their own personal characteristics and their success on their unique features

Question 21

Collectivists

Answer 21

Identify more along social groups and values associated with belonging to a group over their own personal values.

Question 22

Culture

Answer 22

a set of attitudes, behaviours and symbols shared by a large group and passed down to generation

Question 23

Berry and Kazt’s year

Answer 23

1967

Question 24

Berry and Kazt’s aim

Answer 24

to investigate whether cultural differences in individualism and collectivism affect an individual’s conformity

Question 25

Berry and Kazt’s sample

Answer 25

Inuits from Northern Canada (fishing and hunting)

Temne from Sierra Leone (farming)

Question 26

Berry and Kazt’s method + procedure

Answer 26

Experiment; Asch Paradigm

1. Showed participants a series of lines varying in length + a target line
2. Asked participants to pick a line that matched with the target line’s length, but had told the participants that the majority of their community had picked a line, which was incorrect.
   * *conformity was measured by the willingness to accept the majority answer line, which was incorrect**

Question 27

Berry and Kazt’s findings

Answer 27

o Inuits were unaffected by the suggestion made by the researcher
o Temne picked the incorrect suggestion
o Inuits society is based on the survival of the fittest, individual’s intuition and the survival advantage we had to survive (fishing and hunting are activities best done alone)
o Temnes society is based on surviving as a community, by sharing resources with one another. Also, farming requires a team and collective effort, instead of an individual. Hence, to survive, they rely on others and their community.

Question 28

Enculturation

Answer 28

the process of becoming a member of your culture by learning values, beliefs, and social norms & expectations within the culture.

Question 29

Methods of enculturation

Answer 29

1. Direct tuition
2. Participatory learning
3. Observational learning

Question 30

Odden & Rochat’s year

Answer 30

2004

Question 31

Odden & Rochat’s aim

Answer 31

to investigate the role of social cognitive learning on the development of cultural norms in Samoa

Question 32

Odden & Rochat’s sample

Answer 32

28 children aged 4 to 12 in a rural village in Samoa

Question 33

Odden & Rochat’s method + procedure

Answer 33

Longitudinal naturalistic observation
Semi-structural interviews with adults (caretakers, teachers, pastors, chief)
A researcher lived within the village for 20 months

Question 34

Odden & Rochat’s findings

Answer 34

o High distance to authority
o Questioning in class was discouraged as it was seen as disrespectful
o Children learnt things based on observing and listening to elders
o Teachers weren’t seen motivating and engaging the children in learning
o Houses didn’t have walls, as it was seen as secrecy and immoral
o At age 12 - children were skilled fishermen without their fathers’ directly teaching and correcting them
o At age 15 - children did choose (washing clothes, taking care of children, and cooking) without being explicit taught
o Knowledge of intricate societal hierarchy, ritual practices and cultural concepts were acquired the same way.

Question 35

Acculturation

Answer 35

the process of social, psychological and cultural changes due to blending between cultures (e.g migration)

Question 36

Shah et al’s year

Answer 36

2015

Question 37

Shah et al’s aim

Answer 37

to study the association between acculturation and obesity rates within migrants

Question 38

Shah et al’s sample

Answer 38

1400 male South Asian migrants working in the UAE
o 50% lived in UAE for 6+ years
o Mainly laborers, drivers, construction workers
And same age group from original culture

Question 39

Shah et al’s method

Answer 39

Correlational study

Question 40

Shah et al’s findings

Answer 40

o Duration within the UAE had a positive correlation with increased/ higher BMIs
o Assimilation to the culture with bad eating habits –> increase in health issues (e.g obesity and overweight)

Question 41

Ishizawa & Jones’s year

Answer 41

2016

Question 42

Ishizawa & Jones’s aim

Answer 42

to compare obesity rates between second and third-generation Asian migrants in US and identify potential moderating factors of developing obesity

Question 43

Ishizawa & Jones’s sample

Answer 43

Asian migrants in USA

Question 44

Ishizawa & Jones’s method

Answer 44

Correlational study

Question 45

Ishizawa & Jones’s findings

Answer 45

o Gen 2 and 3 had higher likelihood of obestiy
o Potential moderating factors were:
1. living in high migrant density neighborhood
2. household retaining original language
o By retaining ties with original culture they could potentially protect the onset of obesity