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IB Psychology studies > Biological approaches to behaviour > Flashcards

Biological approaches to behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Localization

A

A concept of the association of psychological functions with particular structures in the brain

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2
Q

What year is Broca’s study?

A

1961

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3
Q

Broca’s aim?

A

To investigate the concept of localization of function in a patient “Tan”

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4
Q

Broca’s sample?

A

Tan: a person who had aphasia + a distinct lesion in posterior inferior frontal gyrus on left frontal lobe (responsible for speech production)

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5
Q

Broca’s method + procedure

A

Case study + fMRI and autopsy on Tan’s brain

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6
Q

Broca’s findings

A

Tan was unable to communicate, instead, he was only able to pronounce “Tan” however he was able to understand everything said to him

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7
Q

Broca’s evaluation

A

+ non-invasive procedures (fMRI scan)
+ given consent form “Tan’s” family
- Lack of applicability as it’s a case study
- No causation relationship, only correlational
- Lack generalization
- Low ecological validity

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8
Q

Broca’s use

A 
o Ethics (got consent from their family) 
o Research method (case studies)
o Localization
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9
Q

H.M Milner’s year

A

1966

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10
Q

Milner’s aim

A

to better understand the effects that the surgery had had on patient HM

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11
Q

Milner’s sample

A

H.M (suffered from severe seizures => medial temporal lobe + hippocampus region got removed

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12
Q

Milner’s findings

A

o H.M was unable to acquire new episodic memory of events and semantic knowledge about the world.
o Unable to transfer knowledge from STM to LTM
o Hippocampus area is responsible of the formation of memories
o H.M still retained procedural memories (i.e how to ride a bike)

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13
Q

Milner’s evaluation

A

+ provided detailed qualitative information and insight
+ permitting research on unethical situation
+ high ecological validity (no variables were manipulated and HM was observed in his natural environment)
- unable to generalize the results
- difficult to replicate the procedures
- researcher bias
- time-consuming

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14
Q

Milner’s use

A 
o Ethics (consent, confidentiality, and protection from harm) 
o Research method (longitudinal case studies)
o Localization 
o Multi-store memory model
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15
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to adapt by forming new connections as a result of experience, learning, or following an injury

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16
Q

Maguire et al year

A

2000

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17
Q

Maguire et al’s aim

A

to investigate the difference in brain structure between black cab London taxi drivers and normal people who had no prior experience of driving taxi

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18
Q

Maguire et al’s sample

A

16 right-handed male drivers (avg. exp of 14.3 years) + 50 right-handed male drivers

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19
Q

Maguire et al’s method + procedure

A

Correlational study with quais-experiment; double-blind.
Used MRI scans and had one person/ researcher analyze them using two methods; pixel counting and voxel-based morphometry (VBM)

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20
Q

Maguire et al’s findings

A

o there’s a positive correlation between driving experience and the volume of the grey matter of the hippocampus
o grey matter distributed from anterior (learning new spacial information) to posterior (using information) as driving experience increased

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21
Q

Maguire et al’s evaluation

A 
\+ No research bias (double blind design)
\+ Consistency with person counting and analysing the scans (inter-rater reliability)
\+ High ecological validity
- Bidirectional ambiguity 
- No before and after (no causation)
- Only male samples, ungeneralisable 
- Small sample size 
- Culturally specific sample
22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.

23
Q

Crockett el at’s year

A

2010

24
Q

Crockett el at’s aim

A

to investigate the effects of serotonin on promoting prosocial behaviours

25
Q

Crockett el at’s sample

A

30 volunteers

26
Q

Crockett el at’s method + procedure

A

Experiment w/ repeated measures

  1. split the sample into two groups (SSRI or placebo)
  2. Gave participants moral dilemmas which were either impersonal (pulling a lever) or personal (pushing a person). All involved killing 1 person or letting 5 people die.
27
Q

Crockett el at’s findings

A

o Responses for impersonal situations did not differ
o Those with SSRI were less likely to interfere in personal dilemmas when compared to the control group
o SSRI increases the serotonin which increases the ability for an individual to establish personal connections with others. Hence, leading to them being less capable of inflicting harm onto others.

28
Q

Crockett el at’s evaluation

A

+ counterbalanced

  • low ecological validity
  • participant bias (citalopram may cause nausea)
29
Q

Caspi et al’s year

A

2003

30
Q

Caspi et al’s aim

A

investigate the role of 5-HTT gene on developing depression as a result of stressful environmental variables

31
Q

Caspi et al’s sample

A

850 New Zealanders (aged 3 to 26)

32
Q

Caspi et al’s method + procedure

A

Genetic mapping & questionnaires + life calendars

  1. Used genetic mapping to separate sample into 3 conditions; 2 long-alleles, 2 short alleles and 1 long + 1 short allele
  2. Asked participants to record stressful life events on a calendar and had periodic interviews assessing MDD symptoms exhibited by the sample using DSM-iV criteria
33
Q

Caspi et al’s findings

A

o Short alleles were more prone to depressive response to stressful events (3+ events at 21 –> MDD at 26)
o No difference in the amount of stressful life events the sample experienced

34
Q

Caspi et al’s evaluation

A 
\+ large sample size
\+ more holistic 
- self-reported answers
- replications don't show the same results 
- correlational 
- low reliability
35
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that affects behavior and is secreted by the endocrine system of glands into the bloodstream
e.g oxytocin: released by the pituitary gland, leads to an increase in social bond and intimacy

36
Q

Guastella et al’s year

A

2008

37
Q

Guastella et al’s aim

A

investigate the role of oxytocin in encoding positive social information

38
Q

Guastella et al’s sample

A

69 males

39
Q

Guastella et al’s method + procedures

A

Experiment

  1. Split sample into two conditions, one had oxytocin the other had placebo intranasally sprayed into the individual
  2. Then viewed 36 happy, angry or neutral faces
  3. One day later, they returned to assess memory of previously seen faces in 72 new + old faces. Asked whether they remembered which faces they had previously seen the day before
40
Q

Guastella et al’s findings

A

o Those with oxytocin only recalled previously seen happy faces
o Oxytocin enhanced encoding + stengthened positive social information, intimacy and bonds they felt when viewing the positive happy faces
o The increased concentration of oxytocin cause the participants to feel an increase of intimacy and bond towards the happy faces, which caused them to strengthen the process of encoding the memory into their brains, hence being able to recall whether or not they saw the photo in the previous day.

41
Q

Pheromones

A

An airborne chemical messengers released by the body (for instance, through sweat and urine). It has a have physical or emotional effects on other members of the same species.

42
Q

Lundstrom & Olsson’s year

A

2005

43
Q

Lundstrom & Olsson’s aim

A

investigating the effects of AND (phenomone secreted by males) on women’s mood in the presence of men

44
Q

Lundstrom & Olsson’s sample

A

women

45
Q

Lundstrom & Olsson’s method + procedure

A

Experiment

  1. women were swabbed with AND or control solution on their upper lip
  2. Interacted with male or female researchers in two identical sessions which involved rating male faces, measures of mood, sustained attention, and psychological arousal
    * order of researcher was counterbalanced*
46
Q

Lundstrom & Olsson’s findings

A

o No effect on their interactions with females
o AND increased the mood and psychological arousal when interacting with males but didn’t affect their attention and attractiveness to males

47
Q

Evolution

A

the gradual accumulative change within heritable characteristics of a population

48
Q

Curtis et al’s year

A

2004

49
Q

Curtis et al’s aim

A

to investigate how the feeling of disgust is an evolutionary response that plays a role in preventing humans from catching diseases

50
Q

Curtis et al’s sample

A

<40000 people from 165 countries

51
Q

Curtis et al’s method + procedure

A

Correlational study + survey/ questionnaire

  1. Asked demographic questions (age, gender, ethnicity, etc)
  2. Asked to rate 20 photos on a scale of 1 to 5 for disgust (photos were in pairs of disease salient and less salient)
52
Q

Curtis et al’s findings

A

o Higher ratings for disease-salient photos
o More pronounced in females
o Rating of disgust declined with age
o All of these results were consistent across countries and cultures

IB Psychology studies (4 decks)

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