socio-cognitive development Flashcards
what is theory of mind?
The ability to attribute mental states (desires, attitudes & beliefs) to oneself and others.
why is theory of mind only a theory?
because we can’t see directly/ measure someone else’s mind
because it has a predictive value
what is a false belief (wimmer and Perner)
understanding that someone can have a different view to your own
what does the maxi task of chocolate being moved suggest? Wimmer and Perner?
that false belief aspect of theory of mind develops at 4-5 years
what did Baron Cohen, Leslie and Frith show?
Sally Anne false belief task ball being moved by person 2 and children asked where person 1 will look.
3 yrs fail 4 yrs pass
the sally-ann task suggests that the false beilief aspect of theory of mind develops at 4 yrs.
what did Perner, Leekham and wimmer’s experiement do/ show?
The Smarties task / Unexpected contents / Deceptive box task
E shows C that it actually contains pencils!
E: “When your friend comes in I’m going to show her this box. What will she think is in the box?”
C: 3 yrs: “pencils”. 4 yrs: “sweets”.
E: “What did you think was in the box before it was opened?”
C: 3 yrs: “pencils”. 4 yrs: “sweets”.
Conclusion: The smarties task suggests that the false belief aspect of ToM, and the ability to have insight into one’s own prior beliefs (‘representational change’) develops at 4 years.
what did De Vires show?
showed children cat with rabit ears
<3: cat changed into rabit
4-5 confusion
6+ understood cat was disguised
conc: the ability to distinguish appearance from reality develops by 6 years
what did Flavell, Flavell and green show about perception?
Appearance-reality distinctions
Presented with a sponge in the shape of a rock.
First, children say that it “looks like a rock”.
Then they inspect it manually.
3-year-olds say it “looks like a sponge”
4-year-olds say “it’s a sponge, but it looks like a rock”
Conclusion: the ability to distinguish appearance from reality develops by 4 years. They don’t understand that there might be an alternative representations of the same object.
what did avis and harris 1991 show
In the Baka tribe of pygmies there is also development of ToM around 5 years
what did rubio-Fernandez and Geurts show?
showed kids Sally Anne/ maxi task
they loose track of person A’s perspecitive when they leave the room
when they are allowed to keep track of sally’s perspective three yr olds pass
CONC: TOM develops prior to 4
What did Woodward show about earlier development of ToM?
Baby (9 month old) watches a hand reaching for an object – then the hand reaches for the same object (goal) in a different location, or a different object (goal) in the same location.
Results: 9 mo look longer to the new goal than the new location but 5 month olds do not show these effects.
CONC:
By 6 months, infants perceive not just movement paths, but the relation between an human agent and a goal.
They seem to infer the intentions of the actor (her mental state).
what is taken as an example of Spelke’s core knowledge of actions and agents?
woodwards experiment on earlier development of ToM
what is a true belief induction?
on ToM test where the object and person A see the object start
what is a false belief induction
where the object moves to that the actor can not see
what did Onishi and Baliaregeon show.
shown adaption of maxi task.
object moved from yellow–> green box
when actor then looked in right box babies looked for longer. they expect them to look in the wrong box as thought they had a false belief.
infants of 15 moths have Theory of Mind
