Morality Flashcards
define morality
a set of principles for action which derives from social ideas of right and wrong
define moral reasoning
cognitive processes underlying the consideration of moral rules, their basis and their conflicts
how did piaget learn about morality in children
approached them in playground and asked about game play and rules
what three stages of moral development did piaget find?
0-5 yrs: AMORAL/ PREMORAL
played game but didn’t understand there were rules
5-10 yrs:
HETERONOMOUS MORALITY / MORAL REALISM
Understood rules, but did not understand that they were just rules. “Rules are rules”. “Rules have to be obeyed”. New rules “would be cheating”
10 years +: ‘AUTONOMOUS MORALITY’ / ‘MORAL RELATIVISM’
Understood that rules are conventional and alterable by social consent
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How would Heteronomous and Autonomous children react to the following moral dilemma:
Jon accidentally broke 15 cups. Henry purposely broke one cup. Who is naughtier?
Heteronomous children (5-10 years) say John is naughtier because he broke more cups, i.e. focus on the consequences of actions.
Autonomous children (10 years +) say Henry is naughtier because he intended to break the cup, i.e. focus on the intentions of actions.
what did Kohlberg controversially claim?
cognitive development drives moral reasoning
give the three levels of morality and basic info on each
1: Pre-conventional:
obedience and punishment orientation
-self interest individualistic orientation.
2: conventional:
- interpersonal conformity (appearing good)
- social system morality maintaining social order
3: Post conventional:
- Human right and social welfare morality
- universal ethical principles
what did Mikhail, 2011; Haidt 2001 ;and singer 2009 find?
we have hardwired moral intuitions resulting from evolutionary processes
as moral dilemmas get consistent results cross culturally.
What does Hamlin 2013 suggest?
that young children and even babies have a moral core evolved to facilitate cooperation
what did Rakoczy 2008 find?
children 2-3 years are implicitly aware of the rules of a game even when they hadn’t explicitly been told anything
child plays with person 1
person 2 enters and doesn’t follow rules
measure=children’s spontaneous normative responses such as protest, critique, and teaching.
when can prosocial behaviour be seen?
Hastings- early 13-14 months
sharing, caring and comforting child in distress.
when does altruistic behaviour commence?
Eisenberg et al.
develops later and increases until adolescence
what did Hamlin 2013 show?
when babies can remove a helper or a hinderer 75% respond positively to the helper. Suggesting that babies have a tendency for moral goodness.
at what age can babies reach
4.5 months
what modes of thought did Kahneman 2012 argue humans have
emotion vs reason/ calculation
fast system vs slow system
