Society, Law, Gender And Slavery Flashcards

1
Q

Why is there a lack of knowledge about Viking society?

A

This is due to a lack of written sources.

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2
Q

What contemporary society did Scandinavia possibly have similarities too?

A

Anglo-Saxon.

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3
Q

What kept Viking communities together?

A

A common judicial system.

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4
Q

What was the typical landscape for judicial focal sites?

A

Mounds/hills suitable for assemblies

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5
Q

What was the purpose of judicial focal sites?

A

Places people met for legal discussion.

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6
Q

What type of social structure did Vikings live in?

A

Not entirely sure, could be a egalitarian peasant society or a hierarchical one.

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7
Q

Is it fully known who constructed the assemblies and led them?

A

No.

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8
Q

When do the earliest written Scandinavian laws come from?

A

Late Middle Ages.

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9
Q

What Icelandic saga chronicles a Thing meeting?

A

Heinskringla.

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10
Q

What issues may be taken from the Heinskringla account of the Thing meeting?

A

It is not contemporary.

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11
Q

What evidence give certainty to the existence of Thing sites?

A

Ballsta Rune, outside Stockholm.

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12
Q

As well as runic evidence, how else may thing sites be discovered?

A

Through archaeological excavation.

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13
Q

Give one example of a Thing site discovered using archaeological investigation.

A

Reykjavik.

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14
Q

What piece of indisputable evidence tells of Viking law?

A

The Forsa Rune Ring

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15
Q

Where is the Forsa Rune Ring located?

A

Hanging on the door of a parish church just outside Stockholm.

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16
Q

When was the Forsa Rune Ring first recorded?

A

1599

17
Q

What laws does the Forsa Rune Ring talk of?

A

Ecclesiastical law regulating tithes and the protection afforded by asylum.

18
Q

When does the Forsa Rune Ring originate from.

A

9th century, making it the oldest law rules in Scandinavia.

19
Q

Viking society is alternatively believed to be a pyramidal structure. What order is this?

A

King
Skilled labourers
Serfs
Slaves

20
Q

What dramatic change led to the complete upheaval of Viking society?

A

Change in religion from Paganism to Christianity.

21
Q

What class/title were the great landowners?

A

Jarls/Earls

22
Q

What trade occupied the middle classes?

A

Farmers/traders/merchants.

23
Q

Women in Viking society were subordinate to men, true or false?

A

True.

24
Q

Was it possible to married women to obtain power?

A

Yes, but very difficult has they had no formal right to political action.

25
Q

Who gives great insight into Viking marriage and when?

A

Snorri Sturlson, 13th century.

26
Q

Has the view of women in the Viking age mostly been the same?

A

No, currently undergoing large reassessment.

27
Q

What could widows do that wives couldn’t?

A

Hold property, bring cases to law and put up runestones.

28
Q

When did Viking society stop being viewed as entirely egalitarian?

A

The 1960’s.

29
Q

What are the largest estimates of the population belonged to the Slaving class?

A

~25%

30
Q

What defines a slave?

A

No family, no legal rights and no societal context. Purely viewed as a tool.

31
Q

Why is the picture of slaves painted by contemporary literature not to be trusted?

A

Filled with cliches and stereotypes.

32
Q

What are the origins of the Scandinavia word ‘slave’?

A

Comes from foreigner eg ‘Slav’

33
Q

Were all Viking captives to become slaves?

A

No, many were ransomed or sold perhaps resulting in a smaller slave population than believed.

34
Q

What origin does many of the slaves mentioned in the sagas have?

A

Irish.

35
Q

What funerary evidence is there for slavery?

A

Double graves

36
Q

What material evidence is there for slavery?

A

Excavations at Winchester discovered shackles from the 11th century.