Society and Economy (whole course) Flashcards
1
Q
Who was the first person to use the term ‘Manifest Destiny’?
A
John O’Sullivan.
2
Q
When did the term ‘Manifest Destiny’ first appear?
A
1845.
3
Q
When was the Women’s Suffrage movement established in the USA?
A
1848.
4
Q
Where was the Women’s Suffrage movement established?
A
The Seneca Falls convention.
5
Q
When was the Homestead Act passed?
A
1862.
6
Q
What did the Homestead Act do?
A
It opened up settlement areas in the Western states and was used to encourage people to move West.
7
Q
What amount of land were farmers offered by the Homestead Act (+bonus: what was the condition that came with this offer)?
A
Farmers were offered 160 acres if they farmed their land for 5 years or more.
8
Q
How many people had moved West as a result of the Homestead Act by 1865?
A
20,000.
9
Q
When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued?
A
1863.
10
Q
Who issued the Emancipation Proclamation?
A
Abraham Lincoln.
11
Q
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
A
It was an announcement that said that all slaves in the rebellious states (ie states that were not at that point in time loyal to the Union) were free until the state became loyal to the union.
12
Q
Who did Lincoln appoint as his vice-president and why?
A
Andrew Johnson who was a Democrat - it was done as a gesture of unity towards the South and got Lincoln some votes from pro-Southern groups.
13
Q
How did the Gilded Age get its name?
A
From a novel by Mark Twain of the same name which was a satire book taking the mick out of American political society at the time.
14
Q
What were the dates of Johnson’s presidency?
A
1865-1869.
15
Q
How many Confederates did Johnson pardon?
A
13,000.
16
Q
Which Confederates did Johnson not pardon?
A
Ones with property worth over $20,000 as he believed these were the ones who caused the downfall of the South.
17
Q
When was the Freedmen’s Bureau founded?
A
1865.
18
Q
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
A
An agency set up by the government to help ex-slaves. It provided housing and established schools, etc.
19
Q
How many slaves were freed after the Civil War?
A
4 million.
20
Q
When was the 13th Amendment passed?
A
1865.
21
Q
What was the 13th Amendment?
A
It abolished slavery everywhere in the USA.
22
Q
What did the 1866 Civil Rights Act do?
A
It granted equal citizenship to everyone born in the USA, including ex-slaves.
23
Q
Why did Johnson veto the 1866 Civil Rights Act (+bonus: what happened after)?
A
He tried to keep Southern voters by vetoing the act, but Congress overrode him and passed the act anyway.
24
Q
When was the Military Construction Bill passed?
A
1867.
25
What was the Military Construction Bill?
Introduced military control in the South, eliminated the new Government in the South and divided the South into 5 military districts.
26
When was the Tenure of Office Act passed?
1867.
27
What was the Tenure of Office Act?
Johnson was prevented from removing certain members of his office who opposed or criticised him.
28
When was the Granger Movement founded?
1867.
29
What was the original aim of the Granger Movement?
To educate farmers so they could stand up for their rights.
30
Name a political aim of the Granger Movement.
- Silver reintroduced to the currency so that farmers could take out larger loans.
- Unite all farmers against big businesses so they couldn’t be exploited for profit.
31
When was the 14th Amendment passed?
1868.
32
What was the 14th Amendment?
Confirmed the citizenship that African Americans had been given in 1866 CRA, and forbade states from restricting their privileges.
33
When did Congress impeach Johnson?
24th February 1868.
34
Why did Congress impeach Johnson?
He had tried to sack his Secretary of War which was illegal (violated Tenure of Office Act 1867) and they were sick of him vetoing their decisions.
35
Why was Johnson not liked by Congress?
He was a Democrat and, in order to keep Southern voters, didn’t want to be harsh on the South, whereas Congress were mainly Republicans who wanted harsh punishment for the Southern states.
36
Which president followed Andrew Johnson?
Ulysses S Grant.
37
What were the dates of Grant’s presidency?
1869-1877.
38
How many African Americans voted for Grant in the 1868 Presidential Election?
7 million.
39
Who were ‘Scallywags’?
Southerners who pretended to support the Federal government in order to be given State government jobs.
40
Who were ‘Carpetbaggers’?
People from the North who entered the South during Reconstruction to exploit profit.
41
What year was the Gold scandal?
1869.
42
Explain the Gold scandal.
2 friends of the President, Fisk and Gould, spread rumours the Government couldn’t sell their gold, so prices dropped. They then bought loads of gold and sold it later when the price was on the rise.
43
What year was the first transcontinental railroad built?
1869.
44
How many miles of track made up the transcontinental railroad?
1776 miles of track.
45
When was the Knights of Labour founded?
December 1869.
46
Who founded the Knights of Labour?
Terence Powderly.
47
What was the Knights of Labour?
A union group of workers of all ages, races and genders.
48
What did the Knights of Labour want?
- Maximum of 8 hour working day.
| - Restrictions on child labour.
49
By what year was the KKK in almost every Southern state?
1870.
50
When was the 15th Amendment passed?
1870.
51
What was the 15th Amendment?
Forbade states from denying someone the right to vote on account of their race, colour or previous servitude.
52
When did the Orange Riots begin?
1870.
53
Where were the Orange Riots?
New York.
54
What happened at the Orange Riots?
An Irish Protestant march went through an Irish Catholic area and violence began.
55
How did the Government react to the Orange Riots?
Federal Troops were sent in to stop the riots.
56
When did the Orange Riots end?
1871.
57
When were the Enforcement Acts passed?
1870-1871.
58
What were the Enforcement Acts?
A law that made it a Federal Offence to restrict the civil and political rights of others.
59
When was the Amnesty Act?
1872.
60
What was the Amnesty Act?
It allowed all ex-Confederates back into power.
61
How many ex-Confederates were allowed back into power after the passing of the Amnesty Act?
150,000.
62
What year was the Salary Grab scandal?
1873.
63
Explain the Salary Grab scandal.
Congress voted for a 50% salary increase and received a lump sum of 2 years wages with the bonus added. It caused public riots.
64
From which years had silver and gold both been part of the American currency?
From the 1790s.
65
Which act removed silver from the American currency and what year was it passed?
1873 Coinage Act.
66
What was the Silver Crime of 1873?
Silver was removed from US currency which caused a sudden drop in the price of silver and was nicknamed the Silver Crime by silver miners.
67
Why was silver removed from the US currency in 1873?
The price of silver went up higher than the mint was willing to pay for it so it was taken out of circulation.
68
Who supported the reintroduction of silver into the currency?
- Silver miners.
- Farmers.
- Small businessmen.
69
Why did some people want silver reintroduced to the currency?
Reintroducing silver would cause inflation, which meant farmers and small businessmen could increase their prices and they could also take out larger loans as the amount of money they would have to repay would be less.
70
Why were some people opposed to silver being reintroduced into currency?
Reintroducing silver would cause inflation, and those who opposed this argued that it would increase the price of everyday goods for consumers and undermine the value of pensions and savings.
71
What happened in 1873 which led to a depression?
Stock market crash (which then caused a panic).
72
What was the effect of the 1873 depression on workers?
Many of them joined unions.
73
What were the stances of the Republicans and the Democrats towards tariffs (+bonus: try and explain why they want what they want)?
- Republicans wanted high tariffs = protectionist economics, as high tariffs means other countries won’t export goods to the US so people are encouraged to buy US goods.
- Democrats (supported the ‘little man’ and the farmer) wanted low tariffs so other countries would, in turn for being able to export to the US, import US farmers’ and small business’ goods to their countries, widening their markets, and also so they could import grain from other cheaper with low tariffs.
74
When and where was the Colfax Massacre?
13th April 1873 in Colfax, Louisiana.
75
What happened at the Colfax Massacre?
150 freedmen were killed after a Republican Governor was elected.
76
What were ‘Black Codes’?
Laws imposed by Confederate dominated governments to restrict the rights of African Americans.
77
Give some examples of Black Codes.
- Public facilities were separate.
- No interracial marriage allowed.
- African Americans were not to be taught to read.
78
Name some of the voting restrictions against African Americans.
- Georgia introduced a $2 voting fine.
- Some states said only house owners could vote so African Americans couldn’t as most of them were sharecroppers.
- Mississippi introduced a literacy test in 1890.
- Louisiana introduced the Grandfather Clause.
79
What did Booker T Washington want?
He wanted ex-slaves to elevate themselves through hard work - he understood that integration would take time.
80
Who was and what did WEB du Bois want?
He was a free black man from the North who wanted rapid integration. He also helped found the NAACP.
81
Who was Madam CJ Walker?
First female black millionaire who sold hair cream. She donated lots of her money to the NAACP and anti-lynching campaigns.
82
Between 1866 and 1868, how many African American universities were opened?
3.
83
Give an example of an African American university.
- Fisk.
- Howard.
- Morgan State University.
- Hampton Institute.
84
How many black senators were elected to Congress during Reconstruction?
2 black senators.
85
How many black representatives were elected to Congress during Reconstruction?
20 black representatives.
86
Who invented barbed wire (+bonus: in what year)?
Joseph Glidden in 1873.
87
How many kilometers of railroad track were laid between 1868 and 1873?
53,000 kilometres.
88
Which political satire book was published in 1874?
‘The Gilded Age’ by Mark Twain.
89
What happened in September 1874 in New Orleans?
5000 members of the white terror group the White League rebelled in New Orleans against the election of a Republican governor.
90
When was the 2nd gold rush?
1874.
91
Where was the 2nd gold rush?
Black hills of Dakota.
92
How many tons were being produced by American Steel by 1875?
360,000 tons.
93
Who was John D. Rockefeller?
Oil tycoon.
94
Which company did Rockefeller own?
Standard Oil.
95
How much of the oil refining business did Rockefeller’s company control by the 1880s?
85%.
96
How much money did Rockefeller give to medicine for African American education institutions?
$550 million.
97
How much money did Rockefeller have by 1889?
$200 million.
98
Who was the world’s first billionaire and when?
Rockefeller in 1913.
99
Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?
Railroad tycoon.
100
How did Vanderbilt manage to build railroads so quickly and successfully?
- Used standard track gauge so all railroads could be interconnected.
- Used steel nails which were more durable.
101
How much money did Vanderbilt have when he died?
$100 million - he was the richest man in America.
102
Who was William Vanderbilt and what did he do?
Son of Cornelius Vanderbilt who inherited the empire. He set up Grand Central Station in Manhattan.
103
Who was Carnegie?
Steel tycoon.
104
What did Carnegie bring to the US?
Bessemer Converter - made steel from iron.
105
How was Carnegie so successful?
He used a technique called ‘vertical integration’ whereby he controlled all the processes of steel making so he could control the price.
106
How much did Carnegie sell his business for?
$480 million.
107
What did Carnegie donate to and what foundation did he set up?
Donated to schools, hospitals and parks. He set up the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace for research and advancement of knowledge.
108
What was Pittsburgh’s main industry?
Steel.
109
What was Chicago’s main industry?
Meat packing.
110
What year was the Whisky Ring scandal exposed?
1875.
111
Explain the Whisky Ring scandal.
Grant’s private secretary was part of a conspiracy which defrauded the government of millions in tax revenues from the sale of whisky.
112
What did the 1875 Civil Rights Act do?
Guaranteed African Americans equal accommodation in public places.
113
When was the 1875 Civil Rights Act ruled unconstitutional and what does this mean?
Ruled unconstitutional in 1883 by the Supreme Court as they believed it was an issue that should be controlled by state governments, not federal governments.
114
How many members were in the Granger Movement by the mid 1870s?
800,000.
115
By what year was there a Grange in every state?
By the mid 1870s.
116
What year was the Bellknapp scandal?
1876.
117
Explain the Bellknapp scandal.
Grant’s Secretary of War was forced to resign after accepting $25,000 worth of backhanders.
118
What year was the Munn v Illinois court case?
1876.
119
Who was involved in the Munn v Illinois court case?
The Grangers and grain storage company Munn and Scott.
120
What happened in the Munn v Illinois court case?
The Grangers took the grain storage company Munn v Illinois to court as their prices were higher than the legal limit.
121
Who won the Munn v Illinois court case (+bonus: what did this show)?
The Grangers won - this showed there had been a shift in government support from big business.
122
What did Grant do to help Native Americans?
Set up Board of Indian Commissioners to address corruption among those who worked with Native Americans. Ely S. Parker, a Native himself, was appointed as Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
123
When was the Great Sioux War?
1876.
124
Why did the Great Sioux War happen?
After gold was discovered, prospectors flocked West. The government gave the Native Americans $6 million to move but they refused. The government then sent a message for them to go to their reservations, but they never received the message and troops were sent in, as it seemed they were being unreasonable.
125
Which President ended Reconstruction?
Rutherford Hayes (Republican).
126
In which year did Reconstruction end?
1877.
127
How did Reconstruction end (+bonus: give as many details as you can)?
The Southern Compromise (1877): After a close election between Hayes and Tilden, the Democrats agreed to let Hayes win the election if Federal Troops were removed from the South.
128
What were the dates of Hayes’ presidency?
1877-1881.
129
When was the Great Railroad Strike?
1877.
130
What was significant about the Great Railroad Strike?
It was the first national strike in US history.
131
Why did the Great Railroad Strike happen?
Wages had been cut for the 3rd time in a year by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company.
132
Where did the Great Railroad Strike begin?
West Virginia.
133
How many cities did the Great Railroad Strike spread to (+bonus: can you name some of them)?
It spread to nine cities in total, for example:
- New York
- Illinois.
134
How long did the Great Railroad Strike last for?
45 days.
135
How did the Great Railroad Strike end?
Hayes sent Federal Troops from city to city to stop the riots, and some just lost momentum.
136
By the 1880s, what percentage of the American Oil Industry did Rockefeller’s Standard Oil company possess?
85%.
137
When was the Republican party divided over finding a successor for Hayes?
1880.
138
What were the divisions in the Republican party trying to find a successor for Hayes?
- Stalwarts, led by Roscoe Conkling - want Grant re-elected.
| - Half-breeds (reformists), led by James Blaine.
139
What happened to the percentage of African American votes in South Carolina?
- 1880 Presidential Election: 80% eligible African American votes.
- 1896 Presidential Election: 11% eligible African American votes.
140
Why did the percentage of eligible African American votes in South Carolina decrease?
- Intimidation from white terror groups like KKK.
| - Introduction of literacy and poverty tests.
141
By 1880, how many large farms were there in the West?
3,000 large ‘bonanza’ farms, each of 1000 acres.
142
How much per acre was land in the West?
50 cents.
143
When was Americanisation?
1880.
144
What was Americanisation?
The government decided to try and Americanise the Native Americans, and converted them to Christianity, taught them how to farm and sent them to school.
145
How many Native American children went to school as a result of Americanisation?
20,000.
146
Which President followed Hayes?
James Garfield.
147
What were the years of Garfield’s presidency?
1881.
148
How did Garfield start reform?
He strengthened control of the New York Customs House by removing Conkling and began reform of the Post Office.
149
When was Garfield assassinated?
September 19th 1881.
150
Who followed Garfield as President?
Chester A. Arthur.
151
What years was Arthur in office?
1881-1885.
152
What was the ‘Spoils System’?
The system where Civil Service jobs were given by a successful political party to its supporters.
153
When were the Civil Service Reform League formed?
1881.
154
Who were the Civil Service Reform League?
A group who wanted that Civil Service jobs be given to the best man for the job, and wanted to reduce salaries for people in Civil Service jobs and remove inadequate people from office.
155
What did Booker T Washington establish in 1881?
Tuskegee University, which was a university for black people.
156
When was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed?
1882.
157
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?
This act disallowed people to legally become citizens for the next 20 years.
158
What year was the Pendleton Civil Service Act passed?
1883.
159
What did the Pendleton Civil Service Act do?
It said all Civil Service jobs would be given on merit and capability, rather than bribery or officials picking their friends to fill the positions.
160
Which President followed Arthur?
Grover Cleveland (Democrat).
161
What years was Cleveland in office (first term)?
1885-1889.
162
Who were Mugwumps?
A group of Republicans who decided to vote for an honest Democrat (Cleveland) as they were sick of Republican corruption.
163
When was the American Federation of Labour (AFL) established?
1885.
164
Who set up the AFL?
Samuel Gompers.
165
What was the AFL?
A union group of labourers and craftsmen that only accepted white, male workers.
166
What did the AFL want?
- 8hr working day maximum.
| - Better pay for workers.
167
How many members did the AFL have by 1892?
250,000.
168
How many people were in the Knights of Labour by 1885?
100,000.
169
In 1885, who did the Knights of Labour strike against?
Jay Gould and his company (Gould was a railway company owner).
170
Was the Knights of Labour’s 1885 strike successful?
Yes - Gould’s company was crippled and folded.
171
What month + year was the event at Haymarket Square?
May 1886.
172
What were the Knights of Labour campaigning for at Haymarket Square?
8 hour working day.
173
What happened at Haymarket Square (+bonus: what effect did this have on the Knights of Labour)?
A demonstration by the Knights of Labour turned violent and someone threw a bomb which killed 7 people, including a Police Officer. The Knights of Labour received a bad reputation and lost members.
174
When was the Dawes Act passed?
1887.
175
What did the Dawes Act do?
Reservations in the West were split up into different sections of land given to Native American families.
176
How much land did someone get from the Dawes Act?
Single Man: 80 acres.
| Family: 160 acres.
177
When was the Interstate Commerce Act passed?
1887.
178
What did the Interstate Commerce Act do?
It required that the prices of the railroads be fair and just, and forbode price discrimination against small businesses.
179
When were the first segregated train carriages introduced and where?
1887 in Florida.
180
Which President followed Cleveland?
Benjamin Harrison.
181
What were the years of Harrison’s Presidency?
1889-1893.
182
When was free land granted in Oklahoma and what was the effect of this?
1889 - it lead to the Oklahoma land rush.
183
When was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act passed?
1890.
184
What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
Made trusts illegal and people were no longer legally allowed to monopolise the market.
185
When was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act?
1890.
186
What was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act?
The treasury was allowed to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month (2x higher than before) in the hope of causing inflation and raising prices.
187
When did the National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) form?
1890.
188
Who was the leader of the NAWSA?
Susan B. Anthony.
189
How many members did NAWSA eventually have?
2 million.
190
From 1860-1890, how many immigrants had entered the US?
10 million.
191
By 1890, what percentage of the labour market was immigrants?
56%.
192
How many Jewish immigrants entered the US in 1888 compared to 1900?
1888: 5,000.
1900: 90,000.
193
What was the effect of Jewish immigration into the US?
Anti-Semitism grew.
194
Between 1860 and 1890, how much had the population of New York increased by?
It had doubled.
195
Between 1860 and 1890, how much had the population of Chicago increased by?
It had increased 10x.
196
What was the total US population in 1860 compared to 1880?
1860: 31 million.
1880: 50 million.
197
What was the change in urban population percentage in 1860 and 1890?
1860: 15% urban.
1890: 35% urban.
198
How many states were added to the union between 1889 and 1890?
6.
199
By 1890, how big was the New York Stock Exchange?
It was the 2nd largest in the world.
200
Between 1871 and 1890, how many miles of railroad track had been laid?
170,000.
201
By 1890, how many African Americans in the South were illiterate?
More than half.
202
Name 3 farmers’ alliances.
- Coloured Farmers’ Alliance.
- Southern Farmers’ Alliance.
- North Western Farmers’ Alliance.
203
What did the farmers’ alliances put forward to Congress in 1890 (+bonus: what was Congress’ reaction)?
Macune Subtreasury Plan - proposed farmers loans were given at 80%. Congress rejected it.
204
Give some example of farmers alliance success.
- In 1890, alliance candidates took control of legislatures in Kansas.
- 4 pro-alliance governors were elected.
205
What is rugged individualism?
The idea that someone should be left to prosper and survive themselves.
206
What is social Darwinism?
The idea that the people who get to the top of society are the best adapted.
207
Give 2 responses to laissez-faire politics.
- Mark Twain’s novel ‘The Gilded Age’.
- Henry George’s novel ‘Progress and Poverty’ (1879) proposed the abolition of private land ownership. It sold 2 million copies.
208
By 1890, how many people lived in the West?
6 million.
209
When was the Battle of Wounded Knee?
1890.
210
How many were killed at the Battle of Wounded Knee (+bonus: what happened as a result)?
200 Native Americans and 31 soldiers were killed, leading to the end of Native American resistance as the Sioux tribe were defeated.
211
Who devised a route for cattle to be transported from Texas to the North (+bonus: what was this route called)?
Joseph McCoy. The route was called the ‘long drive’.
212
By 1880, how many cowboys were there?
40,000.
213
When did the long drives end and why?
After a series of bad winters 1885-1887.
214
How many cattle were wiped out in bad winter 1885-1887?
95%.
215
What did Frederick Jackson Turner say in his thesis?
- The frontier helped build American characters by creating self-reliant people.
- Resources in the West made the US independent from other countries.
- Having land left over to conquer was important.
216
Give some criticisms of Turner’s thesis.
- Glenda Riley says he didn’t include women, making the frontier a male phenomenon.
- Billington says he never defined the frontier.
217
What was the required population of a territory before it could become a state?
60,000.
218
How much money had been spent on sending Native American children to school by 1899?
$2.5 million.
219
Which strike happened in 1892 (+bonus: why did the strike happen)?
Pittsburgh Steelworkers’ Strike (Homestead Strike) - they were protesting against a pay cut and a 72 hour working week.
220
What was the President’s reaction to the 1892 strike?
Federal troops were sent in.
221
When did Populism first emerge?
1892.
222
Give some aims of Populism.
- Reintroduction of silver into the currency and keeping it there.
- More control of the railways.
- Graduated income tax.
- Direct election of senators.
- Maximum of an 8hr working day.
223
Where did Populism first set out their aims?
Omaha Platform.
224
Which President came after Harrison?
Grover Cleveland.
225
What were the dates of Cleveland’s presidency (second term)?
1893-1897.
226
When was the Anti-Saloon League established?
1893.
227
hich important economic event happened in 1893?
Depression.
228
How long did the 1893 depression last for?
4 years.
229
What percentage of the population was unemployed during the 1893 depression?
20%.
230
How many businesses failed per day in May 1893?
24.
231
How many banks closed in the 1893 depression (total)?
600.
232
How many companies closed in the 1893 depression (total)?
15,000.
233
What was Cleveland’s reaction to the 1893 depression?
- Repeal of the Silver Purchase Act - returned America to the gold standard.
- Borrowed $62 million from J.P Morgan in 1895.
234
How did Cleveland’s reaction to the 1893 depression turn some people against him?
Borrowing money from businessman J.P Morgan made it seem like the Democrats were siding with big businesses, and they lost many supporters.
235
When was the Pullman Strike?
1894.
236
Why did the Pullman Strike happen?
The workers were protesting against the Pullman Palace Car Company after wages were cut.
237
Who led the Pullman Strike?
Eugene Debs.
238
What was the President’s reaction to the Pullman Strike?
Federal troops were sent in.
239
When was the Omnibus Indictment Act passed?
1894.
240
What was the Omnibus Indictment Act?
This made all strikes illegal.
241
How did the Omnibus Indictment Act last for?
Until the 1930s.
242
When was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act ruled unconstitutional by Congress?
1895.
243
When was the E.C Knight court case?
1895.
244
What happened in the E.C Knight court case (+bonus: what did this show)?
E.C Knight company won the court case, even though they controlled 98% of the sugar refining industry and proves that the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was ineffective.
245
Who were the candidates in the 1896 election?
William Jennings Bryan, Democrat and William McKinley, Republican.
246
What help did McKinley receive in the 1896 Presidential election campaign?
He was given $3 million by businessman Mark Hanna, to send 1,500 speakers around the country and publish campaign literature.
247
Why was William Jennings Bryan not very popular in the 1986 election?
- Lacked financial support in the campaign therefore had to make all speeches himself.
- Wanted bi-metallism which was not popular with the more populated areas in the North East which were industrial.
- Cleveland had damaged Democrat reputation.
- The economy was on the upswing, so his policies didn’t seem as appealing.
248
What was the result of the 1896 Presidential election?
7 million for McKinley, 6.5 for Bryan.
249
Give some examples of Populist successes.
- James B Weaver won 1 million votes in the 1892 election.
- William Jennings Bryan won 6.5 million votes in the 1896 election.
- 45 Populist members of Congress.
- 11 Populist Governors.
250
When was the Plessy v. Ferguson court case?
1896.
251
What happened in the Plessy v. Ferguson court case?
Defendant was man who was ⅛ black and refused to move to a different carriage on a train. The court ruled that separate facilities were fine as long as the standards of the facilities were equal.
252
Between 1882 and 1899, how many black people were lynched in the South?
2,500.
253
When was the Yukon gold rush?
1896-1899.
254
What were the dates of McKinley’s presidency?
1897-1901.
255
When was the Dingley Tariff Act passed?
1897.
256
What did the Dingley Tariff Act do?
Pushed tariffs to even higher levels.
257
When did Louisiana introduce ‘Grandfather’ clauses?
1898.
258
What were ‘Grandfather’ clauses?
You could only vote if your Grandfather had been able to vote - it stopped ex-slaves from voting.
259
By 1900, what percentage of African Americans still lived in the South?
90%.
260
In 1900, what were the majority of African Americans’ jobs?
- Sharecropper.
- Domestic servant.
- Farmer.
261
Between 1860 and 1890, how many immigrants came into the US?
14 million.
262
By 1900, New York had more Italians than which Italian city?
Naples.
263
By 1900, how many more Irish people were in New York than Dublin?
Twice as many.
264
How much was iron production in 1860 compared to 1900?
1860: 920,000 tons
1900: 10.3 million tons
265
When was the Currency Act passed?
1900.
266
What did the Currency Act do?
Committed the US to the gold standard.
267
What enabled McKinley to pass the Currency Act?
The Yukon Gold Rush in Alaska (1896-1899).
268
When was McKinley assassinated?
1901.
269
Which President followed McKinley?
Theodore Roosevelt.
270
What were the dates of T. Roosevelt’s presidency?
1901-1909.
271
When was the Anthracite Coal Strike?
1902.
272
Why did the Anthracite Coal Strike happen?
Workers had been locked out for going on strike.
273
How many bushels of wheat were produced in 1867 compared to 1902?
1867: 6 million.
1902: 102 million,
274
What did Roosevelt negotiate in the Anthracite Coal Strike?
- A maximum of a 9 hour working day.
| - 10% wage increase.
275
When was the Department of Labour and Commerce Act passed?
1903.
276
What did the Department of Labour and Commerce Act do?
Creates a Department which is given the power to collect data from any business that deals with interstate commerce and increases business regulation.
277
When was Northern Securities company found illegal?
1904.
278
By 1904, what percentage of the largest companies in the US controlled what percentage of the total industry?
4% of the largest US companies produced 57% of the total industry.
279
When was the Hepburn Act passed?
1906.
280
What did the Hepburn Act do?
Gave the Federal government power to inspect the books of railroad companies and set maximum rates that they could charge.
281
When was the Pure Food and Drug Act passed?
1906.
282
What did the Pure Food and Drug Act do?
Made food adulteration illegal and began inspection of meat packing factories.
283
Why was the Pure Food and Drug Act passed?
After the publication of Upton Sinclair's novel ‘The Jungle’, which showed the realities of the meat packing industry.
284
Give an example of what Roosevelt did for conservation.
- 150 million acres of forest placed on Federal reserve.
- 53 wildlife reserves created.
- 5 national parks created.
- Passes Antiquities Act 1906.
285
When was the NAACP established?
1909.
286
Who led the NAACP?
WEB du Bois.
287
Which President followed T. Roosevelt?
William Taft.
288
What were the dates of Taft’s Presidency?
1909-1913.
289
By 1910, what percentage of black farmers owned their own land?
25%.
290
When was the Payne-Aldrich Act passed?
1909.
291
What did the Payne-Aldrich Act do?
This act did little to lower tariffs.
292
When was the Standard Oil company broken up under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
1911.
293
When was the Progressive Party founded?
1912.
294
Give some achievements of Taft’s Presidency.
- Gave power to the Interstate commission to set fixed railroad rates.
- 90 anti-trusts cases filed.
- Introduced mine safety legislation.
- Introduction of an 8hr maximum working day for government employees.
295
Give an example of a company that was prosecuted for being a trust under Taft.
- Standard Oil.
| - American Tobacco.
296
Why were the Republicans divided for the 1912 Presidential election (+bonus: what was the effect of this)?
- Roosevelt thought Taft was not Progressive enough. He particularly did not like him passing the Payne-Aldrich Act.
- Roosevelt did not win the Republican Party nomination so decided to join the Progressive party.
- Taft was chosen as the Republican Presidential candidate.
- Republican voters were split between Taft and Roosevelt.
- Wilson (Democrat) therefore won.
297
Which President followed Taft?
Woodrow Wilson.
298
What were the dates of Wilson’s Presidency?
1913-1921.
299
When was the Federal Reserve Act passed?
1913.
300
What did the Federal Reserve Act do?
Creates a centralised, government controlled banking system to avoid the government ever having to turn to businessmen for bailouts if there is another depression.
301
What did the Sixteenth Amendment do?
Created a system of graduated income tax - it was paid by those with an income of more than $4,000 per year.
302
What did the Seventeenth Amendment do?
Introduced direct election of senators by the people.
303
When was the Underwood Tariff Act passed?
1913.
304
What did the Underwood Tariff Act do?
Lowered tariffs.
305
When was the Colorado Mine Strike?
1913.
306
What was Wilson’s reaction to the Colorado Mine Strike?
He sent in the National Guard to stop the strike.
307
How many people died in the Colorado Mine Strike?
26.
308
What did Wilson’s actions in the Colorado Mine Strike show about him?
He had little sympathy for trade unions.
309
When did Ford introduce the assembly line?
1913.
310
How long did it take the Ford assembly line to make 1 car in 1913?
3 minutes.
311
When was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act passed?
1914.
312
What did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act do?
Gave more power to enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
313
What did Roosevelt sign in August 1914?
A Declaration of Neutrality, which said the US would remain impartial during the war.
314
Which march happened in August 1914 on 5th Avenue, New York?
1,500 women marched for peace and to stop US involvement in WW1.
315
When was UNIA founded?
1914.
316
What does UNIA stand for?
Universal Negro Improvement Association.
317
Who set up the UNIA?
Marcus Garvey.
318
Eventually, how many UNIA branches were there across the US?
700.
319
When was the ‘Birth of a Nation’ film released?
1915.
320
What was special about ‘Birth of a Nation’?
It was the first film to be shown at the White House.
321
What was ‘Birth of a Nation’ about?
Showed the creation of the Ku Klux Klan and condoned their actions.
322
What was the effect of the release of the film ‘Birth of a Nation’?
It sparked a revival of the KKK.
323
In July 1915, where did race riots happen?
St Louis, Missouri.
324
What happened in 1915 in Texas (+bonus: what were the effects of this)?
Black soldiers killed 17 white men, which provoked widespread lynchings.
325
When was the Federal Farm Loan Act passed?
1916.
326
What did the Federal Farm Loan Act do?
Made loans cheaper and more easily available for farmers.
327
When was the Federal Child Labour Act passed?
1916.
328
What did the Federal Child Labour Act do?
Limited the working hours of children and forbids the interstate sale of goods produced with child labour.
329
When was the Federal Child Labour Act ruled unconstitutional?
1918 - 2 years after it was passed.
330
When was the Workmen’s Compensation Act passed?
1916.
331
What did the Workmen’s Compensation Act do?
Ensures that those who are absent from work for legitimate reasons (eg illness or injury) are financially secure.
332
When was the Adamson Act passed?
1916.
333
What did the Adamson Act do?
Introduced the 8 hour working day for railroad workers.
334
When did Black Tom’s Munitions factory explode?
July 30th 1916.
335
How much damage was caused by the Black Tom’s Munitions factory explosion?
$20 million.
336
Who was immediately blamed for the explosion of Black Tom’s Munitions factory (+bonus: what did this show)?
The Germans, which showed the extent of anti-German feeling in the US and the suspicion around German immigrants.
337
When was the Espionage Act passed?
1917.
338
What did the Espionage Act do?
Allowed post masters to open suspicious mail.
339
How many prosecutions took place under the Espionage Act?
1,500.
340
When was the Immigration Act passed?
1917.
341
What did the Immigration Act do?
Restricted immigration of unwanted immigrants through imposing literacy tests, and also banned all immigration from the Middle East, South East Asia and the Pacific Islands.
342
When was the Sedition Act passed?
1918.
343
What did the Sedition Act do?
Extended the powers of the Espionage Act, to say that negative speech or expression was illegal, particularly against the war effort.
344
How many tons of food were being produced in 1915 compared to 1918?
1915: 12 million tons.
1918: 19 million tons.
345
How much money did US steel make in 2 years during WW1 (+bonus: what did this lead to)?
Half a billion dollars - led to them being accused of war profiteering.
346
How many African Americans were in the armed forces in WW1?
360,000.
347
How many women served in the armed forces in WW1?
90,000.
348
When were the Palmer Raids?
1919.
349
What were the Palmer Raids?
A series of raids in 12 cities of the offices of radical organisations.
350
How many people were deported to Europe after the Palmer Raids?
249.
351
When was the Red Summer?
1919.
352
What happened in the Red Summer?
There were a series of race riots in Chicago and St Louis.
353
How long did Red Summer last?
13 days.
354
How many people died in the Red Summer?
38.
355
How many people were injured in the Red Summer?
537.
356
How many African American families were left without homes after the Red Summer?
1,000 families.
357
Who were the ‘wets’ and drys’?
Wets: anti-Prohibition
Drys: pro-Prohibition
358
By 1917, what proportion of the population supported Prohibition?
Two thirds.
359
What were some of the arguments in favour of prohibition?
- Beer used grain which was needed for food during the war.
- Beer supported Germany (many brewers were German) and people didn’t want to support those who were seen as ‘the enemy’.
- Some people felt it was not right to be drinking alcohol and enjoying themselves when others were away fighting for the country.
- Some women’s groups argued that alcohol led to domestic abuse and prohibition would cause a fall in domestic abuse.
- People believed that alcohol led to absent fathers and that children would be raised in more loving and involved families if alcohol was illegal.
360
Give some groups who campaigned for prohibition.
- Anti-Saloon League.
| - Women’s Christian Temperance Movement.
361
How did women campaign for prohibition?
Women’s Crusades 1873 and 1874: women marched through towns in support of prohibition.
362
When was the Eighteenth Amendment passed?
1919.
363
What was the Eighteenth Amendment?
Outlawed the manufacture, transport and sale of alcohol (prohibition).
364
What was the success for prohibition just after it was introduced?
At first, there was a 30% decrease in the amount of alcohol consumed in America.
365
How many workers went on strike in 1919?
4 million.
366
When was the Volstead Act passed?
1919.
367
What was the Volstead Act?
Gave the power to enforce the 18th Amendment (prohibition).
368
How many African Americans had left the South by 1919?
1 million.
369
Why were many African Americans leaving the South in the Great Migration North?
- 1898 Boll Weevil epidemic caused crop shortages and therefore losses of jobs for many African Americans who were sharecroppers or farmers.
- Industrialism meant there were more jobs in the North.
- The average wage in the North was 3x higher than in the South.
- Wanted to escape persecution and segregation like Black Codes and Jim Crow laws.
370
How many African Americans went North during WW1?
400,000.
371
How many US soldiers had died in WW1?
50,000.
372
How much had the US loaned to the Allies in WW1?
$22 billion.
373
When was the Nineteenth Amendment passed?
1920.
374
What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
Said states could not deny the right to vote on the basis of sex - allowed women the vote.
375
Between 1910 and 1920, how much did the percentage of African Americans living in New York City increase by?
66%.
376
Between 1910 and 1920, how much did the percentage of African Americans living in Detroit increase by?
61%.
377
How many African Americans lived in Harlem by 1920?
200,000.
378
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
A wave of black culture eg art and music.
379
Name a black newspaper that started in the 1920s.
Chicago Defender.
380
Who started the ‘Back to Africa’ campaign?
Marcus Garvey
381
When was the ‘Back to Africa’ campaign started?
1920.
382
What was the ‘Back to Africa’ campaign?
Garvey said that African Americans should not aspire to be equal to the white man and they should make their own kingdom in Africa where there would be no racial issues.
383
How many members did the KKK have in 1920?
100,000.
384
Name a female Hollywood star from the 1920s.
Clara Bow.
385
Who were ‘flappers’?
Women who dressed in shorter skirts, less fitted dresses, darker makeup, smoked, drank and were less feminine. The majority were white, middle and upper class women.
386
Who criticised ‘flappers’?
People in rural areas and lower class women.
387
What did Dr. Spock’s books say?
Women were needed in the home and were essential in raising children.
388
Name a black jazz sar from the 1920s.
- Louis Armstrong.
| - Bessie Smith.
389
Which President came after Wilson?
Warren G. Harding.
390
What were the years of Harding’s Presidency?
1921-1923.
391
What was the slogan for Harding’s presidential election campaign (+bonus: why was this the slogan)?
‘Back to Normalcy’ because many people wanted to go back to the ‘old’ America, ie a foreign policy of involvement after WW1 and wanted less progressivism as there had been so many social changes.
392
Who was Harding’s Secretary of the Treasury?
Andrew Mellon.
393
What did the ‘Mellon Plan’ do?
Reduced taxes on the rich and corporations which encouraged economic growth.
394
Who was Harding’s Secretary of Commerce?
Herbert Hoover.
395
How was Hoover successful as Secretary of Commerce?
He encouraged industries to use standardised tools, supported government regulation of new industries and improved international trade opportunities for American businesses.
396
When was the Budget and Accounting Act passed?
1921.
397
What did the Budget and Accounting Act do?
Provided a budget system for the government and allowed the President to decide which requests for funding were granted.
398
How much was Federal spending cut by in 2 years after the Budget and Accounting Act was passed?
From $5 billion to $3 billion.
399
When was the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Aid Act passed?
1921.
400
What did the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Aid Act do?
Granted Federal funds to states to give out maternity care.
401
When was the Emergency Quota Act passed?
1921.
402
What did the Emergency Quota Act do?
Limited the number of immigrants coming into the US to 3% of the population that were living there in 1910.
403
When was the American Birth Control League set up?
1921.
404
Who set up the American Birth Control League?
Margaret Sanger.
405
When was the Teapot Dome scandal?
1921.
406
Explain the Teapot Dome scandal.
- Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, allowed companies such as Mammoth Oil to use the Teapot Dome oil reserve after being given money by the companies.
- This oil reserve had been declared only for the use of the US Navy in 1912 by Taft.
407
What was the result of the Teapot Dome scandal?
Albert B. Fall, Secretary of the Interior, was imprisoned in 1927 for his actions.
408
By 1921, what proportion of Americans lived in urban areas?
Around half.
409
When was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act passed?
1922.
410
What did the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act do?
Raised tariffs to even higher levels.
411
When did Harding die?
1923.
412
Which President followed Harding?
Calvin Coolidge.
413
What were the years of Coolidge's Presidency?
1923-1929.
414
When was the National Origins Act passed?
1924.
415
What did the National Origins Act do?
Set immigration levels at 2% of what the population had been in 1890.
416
Who was the first female Governor?
Nellie Tayloe Ross.
417
Which state had the first female Governor?
Wyoming.
418
When was the first female Governor elected?
1924.
419
When did Congress declare that all Native Americans were citizens?
1924.
420
How many states had banned teaching of evolution in schools before the Monkey Trial?
6.
421
When was the Monkey Trial?
July 1925.
422
Explain the Monkey Trial.
A High School Biology teacher was brought to court in Tennessee for teaching evolution.
423
What did the Monkey Trial show?
There were large regional divisions between the North and the ‘Bible Belt’ states in the South.
424
By 1925, how many members did the KKK have?
5 million.
425
Why did KKK membership decline after 1925?
The Grand Wizard was sent down for rape.
426
Who was the first female Mayor in a US city?
Bertha Knight Landes.
427
Where was the first female Mayor?
Seattle.
428
When was the first female Mayor elected?
1926.
429
When was the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti?
1926.
430
Explain the Sacco and Vanzetti case.
2 Italian anarchist labourer were accused of murder and sentenced to death for the crime. Some people said that it was solely because they had extremist views and that they had not actually committed the crime.
431
When was Marcus Garvey deported after being named as an ‘undesirable’?
1927.
432
By 1927, what proportion of the US had electricity?
Two thirds.
433
When was the first ‘talkie’ film?
1927.
434
What did the Federal Reserve Board do in 1927?
Lowered interest rates.
435
Under Andrew Mellon, how much did the US decrease by up to 1929?
Went from 27 billion to 17 billion by 1929 - had decreased by 10 billion.
436
By 1928, how many women were there in the House of Representatives?
2.
437
Which President followed Coolidge?
Herbert Hoover.
438
What were the years of Hoover’s Presidency?
1929-1933.
439
When was the National Origins System of Immigration (from the 1924 National Origins Act) officially laid out?
1929.
440
How much had the average wage increased by between 1923 and 1929?
8%.
441
How long did it take the Ford Assembly line produce a car in 1920?
10 seconds.
442
By the end of the 1920s, how many cars were on the road?
4.5 million.
443
Name some factors which led to the 1920s economic boom.
- Higher tariffs (eg Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act) push out competition so US goods are popular.
- New production techniques like assembly line allows goods to be produced even faster.
- Advertising is more common and is targeted to certain genders and ages, which fuels consumerism.
- Hire purchase allowed people to make small payments every months, so more people were willing to buy luxury items.
- More disposable income so people were willing to buy luxury items.
- Car industry grew, which had a positive effect on the steel industry, the rubber industry and road building industry, creating jobs and putting more money in the economy.
- Technological changes increased the speed at which products could be produced and created new products eg radios and fridges.
- Stock market boom led to rising share prices and then more people were willing to invest, which then pushed prices higher.
444
How many shares were traded in 1926?
451 million.
445
How many shares were traded in 1929?
1.1 billion.
446
By 1929, what percentage of American families had an income of less than $2,000 a year (+bonus: what does this show)?
50% - this shows that the boom did not affect everyone in society.
447
By 1928, what percentage of farmers were living in poverty?
50%.
448
How many cars were made in the US in 1929?
4.5 million.
449
By 1930, how many more women were in employment that in 1920?
2 million.
450
In 1930, how many female dentists were there?
150.
451
In 1930, how many female accountants were there?
Less than 100.
452
In 1930, how many women were domestic servants?
700,000.
453
What was the population of Los Angeles in 1930 (+bonus: what did this show)?
1 million - this showed there had been economic development in the West.
454
How much had the price of a bushel of wheat dropped by after WW1?
From $2.5 dollars to $1.
455
How many banks were there at the end of the 1920s?
30,000.
456
By 1929, what percentage of the price of shares was borrowed (+bonus: what did this cause)?
75% - this created artificially high prices.
457
Name some of the causes of the Wall Street Crash.
- Falling demand for goods - by the 1920s, most of the families who could afford a car had one.
- Price of food fell as there had been overproduction during WW1.
- Old industries eg coal went into decline as gas and electricity became more widely used.
- Companies were not selling as many goods so the price of shares did not rise quickly and less people were then inclined to buy shares.
458
When was Black Thursday?
24th October 1929.
459
How many shares were sold on Black Thursday?
13 million.
460
When was Black Tuesday?
29th October 1929.
461
How many shares were sold on Black Thursday?
16.4 million.
462
How much value had the New York Stock Exchange lost between Black Thursday and December 1st 1929?
$26 billion.
463
When did the Bank Panic begin?
September 1930.
464
How many banks closed in September 1930?
300.
465
How many banks closed in October 1930?
500.
466
When did the Bank of the United States close?
11th December 1930.
467
How many branches were shut when the Bank of the United States was closed?
60.
468
How many people were depositors in the Bank of the United States?
140,000.
469
What percentage of the population were unemployed in 1929?
3%.
470
In 1932, how many people were out of work?
13 million.
471
What percentage of the population were unemployed in 1933?
25%.
472
In 1933, how many people were unemployed?
18 million.
473
How much higher was unemployment among African Americans during the Great Depression?
4-6 times higher.
474
By 1932, how many African Americans were out of work?
50%.
475
When cotton prices fell in 1933, how many black sharecroppers lost their positions (+bonus: what did they have to do because of this)?
12,000 - they had to move to the cities.
476
In 1932, how many people were homeless?
2 million.
477
How many people were affected by the ‘dust bowl’ in the West (+bonus: what did they have to do because of it)?
1 million people were forces to move to the city to find work.
478
When was the St Valentine's Day massacre?
14th February 1929.
479
Why did the St Valentine’s Day massacre happen?
Because of gang tensions between Al Capone’s gang and Bugs Moran.
480
How many people were killed in the St Valentine’s Day massacre?
7.
481
When was the Agricultural Marketing Act passed?
1929.
482
What was the Agricultural Marketing Act?
Created Federal Farm Board, who were given $500 million to buy surplus farm products to keep prices stable and encourage people to buy.
483
When was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act passed?
1930.
484
What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act?
Pushed tariffs to even higher levels on imports. Other countries reacted and imposed high tariffs on America’s exports.
485
When did construction of the Hoover Dam begin?
September 1930.
486
When was the Emergency Relief Act?
1932.
487
What did the Emergency Relief Act do?
Gave $300 million for public works programs. Also set up Reconstruction Finance Corporation which had $2 billion to lend to banks and insurance companies to stimulate the economy.
488
Which act created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?
Emergency Relief Act 1932.
489
How much money was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation given?
$2 billion.
490
What did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation do?
Lend money to banks and insurance companies to stimulate the economy.
491
When was the Home Loan Act passed?
1932.
492
What did the Home Loan Act do?
Gave banks low cost funds to give out mortgages which would be more easily attainable and therefore would increase home ownership.
493
When were the Bonus Marches?
March 1932.
494
What were the Bonus Marches?
Veterans marched on Washington demanding their pension payments, as they weren’t supposed to get them until 1944.
495
How many ‘bonus marchers’ were there in the march on Washington?
20,000.
496
What was Hoover’s reaction to the Bonus Marches?
He sent Federal troops in to disperse them.
497
When was Al Capone arrested (+bonus: what was he arrested for)?
1932 - he was arrested for tax evasion.
498
Which President followed Hoover?
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
499
What were the dates of FDR’s presidency?
1933-1945.
500
What were the dates of FDR’s 100 days?
4th March 1933-11th June 1933.
501
How many laws did FDR pass in the first 100 days?
76.
502
When did FDR declare a banking holiday and how long did it last?
March 5th and it lasted for 4 days.
503
Give the dates of the First New Deal.
1933-1935.
504
Why did FDR not put much legislation to benefit African Americans in the New Deal?
He needed the Southern Democrat vote to keep him in office.
505
What is ‘pump priming’?
Putting large amounts of money into the economy to encourage economic stimulation.
506
When was the Agricultural Adjustment Act passed?
1933.
507
What did the Agricultural Adjustment Act do?
Created the Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA) which restricted production of certain products and paid farmers to not produce staple items with the aim of reducing overproduction and raising prices.
508
How many piglets were bought and slaughtered by the AAA?
6 million.
509
How many acres of cotton were ploughed under by the AAA?
10.5 million acres.
510
How much did total farm income rise from 1932-1935?
1932: $4.5 billion
1935: $6.9 billion
(rose by $2.4 billion)
511
When was the Tennessee Valley Act passed?
1933.
512
What did the Tennessee Valley Act do?
Established the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to revitalise the Tennessee Valley area through controlling flooding and providing electricity.
513
How many dams were built by the TVA?
20 dams.
514
When was the Emergency Banking Relief Act passed?
1933.
515
What did the Emergency Banking Relief Act do?
Gave the treasury the power to investigate all banks to restore confidence in the banking system.
516
When was the Glass-Steagall Act passed?
1933.
517
What did the Glass-Steagall Act do?
Insured deposits of up to $2,500 to encourage people to invest in banks,separated commercial banking from investment banking and increased regulation of banks so only certain ones could invest in the stock market.
518
When was the National Industry Recovery Act passed?
1933.
519
What did the National Industry Recovery Act do?
- Established National Recovery Administration (NRA) which created a set of codes to regulate businesses and stimulate the economy.
- Established Public Works Administration (PWA) which provided jobs through completion of public works projects eg building bridges, schools and laying roads.
520
Give some examples of what the NRA did.
- Created codes which set higher minimum wage.
- Gave the sign of a blue eagle on certain products to assure quality.
- Temporarily lifted anti-trust measures.
521
Name some of the problems of the NRA codes.
- Some smaller businesses couldn’t afford to pay the $11 dollar minimum wage.
- Some business eg Ford ignored the codes.
- Unequal wages between men and women were allowed with the codes.
522
How much money did the PWA have?
$3.3 billion.
523
How many schools were built by the PWA?
13,000.
524
How many miles of road were laid by the PWA?
50,000.
525
What was the Civil Works Administration (CWA)?
A temporary organisation created to employ people over the Winter 1933-1934.
526
How many people were employed by the CWA?
4 million.
527
When was the Reforestation Relief Act passed?
1933.
528
What did the Reforestation Relief Act do?
Created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which offered jobs to young men aged 18-25.
529
How many people were employed by the CCC?
2.75 million.
530
How many African Americans were employed by the CCC?
200,000.
531
How many women were employed by the CCC?
8,000.
532
What type of roles did women do in the CCC?
Administrative eg secretary.
533
When was the US removed from the Gold Standard (+bonus: what did this do for the economy)?
1933 - it devalued the dollar internationally but this allowed more money to be available to Americans.
534
When was the Federal Emergency Relief Act passed?
1933.
535
What did the Federal Emergency Relief Act do?
This gave loans to states to fund relief programs to decrease unemployment.
536
How much money was given to states by FERA?
$500 million.
537
When was the Twenty-First Amendment passed?
1933.
538
What did the Twenty-First Amendment do?
Ended prohibition by repealing the Eighteenth Amendment.
539
When was the Economy Act passed?
1933.
540
What did the Economy Act do?
Forbade members of the same family from working for the Federal government.
541
What percentage of those who lost their jobs because of the Economy Act were women?
75%.
542
When was the Indian New Deal (or Indian Reorganisation Act) passed?
1934.
543
What did the Indian New Deal (or Indian Reorganisation Act) do?
Decreased Federal control of Native American affairs, and their citizenship was affirmed.
544
What were the dates of the Second New Deal?
1935-1938.
545
When was the Works Progress Administration created?
1935.
546
What did the Works Progress Administration do?
Provided work for many through building roads, schools, bridges and parks.
547
How many people were employed by the WPA by 1941?
2 million.
548
When was the Wagner Act/National Labour Relations Act passed?
1935.
549
What did the Wagner Act/National Labour Relations Act do?
Set up National Labour Relations Board, which guaranteed the right for collective bargaining for workers, and gave increased rights to unions.
550
Why did labour unions not allow women to join in the 1930s?
They believed women brought down wages.
551
When was the Social Security Act passed?
1935.
552
What did the Social Security Act do?
Established Social Security Board, which gave pensions to over 65s and sets up a system of unemployment insurance, giving states money to give to women, children and disabled.
553
How much were unemployment benefits per week from the Social Security Act?
$18 per week (only for up to 16 weeks).
554
When was the Banking Act passed?
1935.
555
What did the Banking Act do?
Centralised banks so control of them was at Washington under government control.
556
When was the Revenue Act passed?
1935.
557
What did the Revenue Act do?
Taxed inheritances, higher incomes and corporations.
558
When was the ‘Sick Chicken’ case?
1935.
559
What was the real name of the ‘Sick Chicken’ case?
Schelter Poultry Corporation vs United States.
560
What was the result of the ‘Sick Chicken’ case?
National Industry Recovery Act was ruled unconstitutional and the NRA was terminated at the end of the year.
561
When was the case of United States vs Butler?
1936.
562
What was the result of United States vs Butler?
The Agricultural Adjustment Act was ruled unconstitutional, forcing the government to pass a similar act, the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, in 1936.
563
When was the Judiciary Reform Bill passed?
1937.
564
What did the Judiciary Reform Bill do?
Allowed Supreme Court judges to retire at the age of 70 and allowed the President to appoint a new Supreme Court justice for every judge over 70.
565
Why was the Judiciary Reform Bill passed?
As Roosevelt was sick of the older and more conservative judges of the Supreme Court ruling parts of the New Deal unconstitutional.
566
When was the Roosevelt Recession?
1937.
567
Why did the Roosevelt Recession happen?
He decreased government spending.
568
When was the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) set up?
1938.
569
What did the HUAC do?
Investigate suspicious and potentially Communist behaviour in the US.
570
What did the HUAC do?
Investigate suspicious and potentially Communist behaviour in the US.
571
How did the HUAC try to secure convictions?
- Anyone who pleaded the 5th Amendment (right to silence) was arrested anyway.
- Force accused people to give names of other Communists.
572
How many Americans were unemployed in 1939?
9 million.
573
What was the percentage decrease in the number of unemployed Americans from 1933 to 1939?
50% decrease from 18 million (1933) to 9 million (1939).
574
How much did farm income increase by in total during the New Deal?
250%.
575
When was the Alien Registration Act passed?
1940.
576
What did the Alien Registration Act do?
It said that all ‘aliens’ (foreigners) must be officially registered and their fingerprints taken, and that individuals and organisations could not promote overthrowing the US government.
577
What did the Alien Registration Act show about US society at the time?
People were becoming more and more suspicious of foreigners as the war in Europe raged on.
578
By 1940, what percentage of the Chicago population was black?
8%.
579
When was the Selective Service and Training Act passed?
1940.
580
What did the Selective Service and Training Act do?
Requires all men ages 21-30 to register for military training.
581
What was special about the Selective Service and Training Act?
It was the first draft to the military during peacetime.
582
In 1940, what percentage of jobs were filled by men?
90%.
583
A survey by the US employment office in 1940 found what percentage of defence industries would not employ African Americans?
50% (half).
584
When was the Fair Employment Practices Committee established?
1941.
585
What did the Fair Employment Practices Committee do?
Their job was to prevent discrimination (particularly around race) in hiring for jobs.
586
Who led the 1941 march on Washington?
Philip A. Randolph.
587
Why did the 1941 march on Washington happen?
To protest segregation in the armed forces.
588
When did FDR give the order for Japanese-Americans to be moved into internment camps?
1942.
589
How many Japanese-Americans were moved into internment camps on the West Coast?
100,000.
590
How many Japanese-Americans were labelled as ‘subversives’?
2,000.
591
How many German-American citizens were labelled as ‘subversives’?
14,000.
592
When was the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps established?
1942.
593
What was the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps?
Created a women’s branch on the US army.
594
In 1942, what happened in terms of unemployment?
Unemployment ceased to exist and everyone was employed.
595
When was the Double V campaign launched?
1942.
596
What was the Double V campaign?
A campaign to promote equality for African Americans serving in the armed forces and at home.
597
What does CORE stand for?
Congress for Racial Equality.
598
When was CORE established?
1942.
599
What did CORE do?
An organisation with both black and white members that promoted equality through nonviolent action.
600
When were there race riots in Detroit?
1943.
601
How many Federal troops were sent in to stop race riots in Detroit?
6,000.
602
What was the ‘Jim Crow Army’?
African Americans serving in WW2 who were given menial jobs and unfair training.
603
In 1943, how many African Americans were serving abroad (+bonus: why)?
Only 79,000 out of 504,000 as white Generals did not want them.
604
How many Native Americans served in the armed forces in WW2?
25,000.
605
In 1944 alone, how many women entered the workforce?
6.5 million.
606
What was the US national debt in 1941 compared to 1945?
1941: $41 billion.
1945: $250 billion.
607
By how much had the US national debt risen between 1941 and 1945?
$209 billion.
608
How many tanks were produced during WW2 in the US?
86,000.
609
How many rifles were produced during WW2 in the US?
15 million.
610
By 1945, how many members were there in the all black flying squadron?
600.
611
By the end of WW2, how many women were employed?
60%.
612
How many women had served in the armed forces during WW2?
350,000.
613
During WW2, how many aircraft workers were women?
1 in 3.
614
Which President followed FDR?
Harry Truman.
615
What were the years of Truman’s presidency?
1945-1953.
616
What was the inflation level 1945-1946?
25%.
617
Why did African Americans find it hard to get jobs after WW2?
Because the unemployment rate among white men was still 14% so people employed white men before African Americans.
618
When was the Full Employment Bill proposed?
1945.
619
What was the Full Employment Bill?
It said that the government was responsible for ensuring that everyone had access to employment.
620
When was the Employment Act passed?
1946.
621
What did the Employment Act do?
Said the government had to maintain a high level of employment in the US.
622
How many steel workers went on strike in January 1946?
800,000.
623
How many miners went on strike in April 1946?
400,000.
624
Who organised the miners’ strike in April 1946?
United Mine Workers.
625
What was Truman’s reaction to the threat of a railroad strike in 1946?
He threatened to conscript the railroad workers into the army if they went on strike.
626
How many people in total went on strike after WW2?
4.6 million workers.
627
When was the Taft-Hartley Act passed?
1947.
628
What did the Taft-Hartley Act do?
Restricted the activities and powers of labour unions.
629
When was the Loyalty Review Board set up?
1947.
630
What was the Loyalty Review Board?
A government agency created to check on government employees to see if they were ‘sympathetic’ towards Communists. If they were, they would be fired.
631
Within 4 years of the Loyalty Review Board being created, how many government employees had been dismissed and how many had resigned?
Dismissed: 1,200.
Resigned: 6,000.
632
How many agencies were closed down because of the Loyalty Review Board?
150.
633
When did Truman address the NAACP (+bonus: what was special about this)?
June 1947 - he was the first President to ever publically address the NAACP.
634
When were the armed forces desegregated?
1948.
635
What was the name given to Truman’s Domestic Policy?
The Fair Deal.
636
When was Truman’s ‘Fair Deal’ officially announced?
January 1949.
637
What was the aim of Truman’s ‘Fair Deal’?
To keep as many people as possible living in prosperity and continue and widen the effects of the New Deal.
638
Which act started slum clearance?
Housing Act 1949.
639
Was slum clearance successful?
No - it created more homeless people, the majority of which were African Americans who found it harder to get houses.
640
How did Truman change the minimum wage?
Raised from 40c an hour to 75c an hour.
641
What did Truman’s amendments to the Social Security Act do?
Coverage was extended to child welfare services, maternal care and old age care.
642
Why was there a fear of Communism in the 1950s?
After China fell to Communism in 1949 and the beginning of the Korean War in 1950 as many in the US believed they could have done more to stop the spread of Communism. Furthermore, the Manhattan Project had been infiltrated by Soviet spies.
643
What was ‘McCarthyism’?
The campaign led by Senator Joe McCarthy against those considered to be Communists, and it led to a fear of Communism in the US.
644
When did McCarthy make his first speech (+bonus: what did he say)?
9th February 1950 - he accused the State Department of being full of spies.
645
Who specifically in the US government was accused of being a Communist (+bonus: what was the outcome)?
Alger Hiss - he was convicted.
646
What was the problem with many of McCarthy’s accusations?
There was no evidence.
647
What was the GDP of America in 1950?
$355 billion.
648
What percentage of the population were under 24 in 1950?
41%.
649
What was the average disposable income of a young person in the 1950s?
$10-$15 per week.
650
What percentage of the workforce were women in 1950 (+bonus: what had it been in 1940)?
28% - in 1940 it had been 19%.
651
How many TV sets were owned in 1950?
7 million.
652
How many new houses had been built by 1950?
1.7 million.
653
What percentage of families had fridges by 1951?
90%.
654
What percentage of families had washing machines by 1951?
75%.
655
What percentage of families had telephones by 1951?
75%.
656
When was the McCarran Walter Immigration Act passed?
1952.
657
What was the McCarran Walter Immigration Act?
Upheld the system of national immigration quotas, but gave priority to individuals with special skills or families already in the US.
658
What happened to many of the acts Truman tried to pass during his presidency?
They were blocked by Congress.
659
In 1953, which government
| committee was Joe McCarthy given control of?
House of Un-American Activities.
660
Which President followed Truman?
Dwight D. Eisenhower.
661
What were the dates of Eisenhower’s Presidency?
1953-1961.
662
What did Eisenhower want the most around finance (+bonus: was this successful)?
Balanced budget - he only came close once in his Presidency.
663
What did Eisenhower do with defence spending?
He cut it.
664
How did Eisenhower change the minimum wage?
Raised it from 75c an hour to $1 an hour.
665
How much did Eisenhower cut taxes by by during his Presidency?
$7 billion.
666
Between 1953 and 1961, how much did Federal spending grow by?
11%.
667
Which government departments were created by Eisenhower?
- Department of Health.,
- Department of Education.
- Department of Welfare.
668
How many Americans were affected by Eisenhower’s extension of the Social Security Act?
10.5 million.
669
How much money did Eisenhower give for low cost housing?
$1 billion.
670
How much money was spent on the polio vaccination program in Eisenhower’s presidency?
$30 million.
671
Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
They had worked on Manhattan project and had been accused of leaking information about the bombs to Soviet spies.
672
When were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed?
1953.
673
When was the first Eisenhower recession?
1953.
674
How many people lost their jobs as a result of the cut of defence spending in Eisenhower’s Presidency?
3.7 million.
675
When was Operation Wetback?
1954.
676
What was Operation Wetback?
A scheme to deport Mexican immigrants.
677
Why did Operation Wetback happen?
Pressure from farmers and businessmen mainly in the South who were concerned about the influx of American immigrants.
678
How many Mexicans were deported under Operation Wetback?
1.4 million.
679
When was Brown v Topeka?
1954.
680
What was the ruling of Brown v Topeka?
Separate but equal was not right in schools and was detrimental to African Americans as it created a feeling of inferiority - it officially ended racial segregation in schools.
681
When was the first McDonald's opened (+bonus: where)?
1955 in Idaho.
682
When was the film ‘Rebel Without a Cause’ released?
1955.
683
Why was the film ‘Rebel Without a Cause’ significant for youth culture?
It was an ‘anti-hero’ film which challenged stereotypes of typical ‘youth’.
684
How much was the teenage market worth in 1955?
$10 billion.
685
How many TVs were owned in America in 1955?
37 million.
686
What were dates of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
1955-1956.
687
Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott happen?
To protest segregation on public transport.
688
Which famous event started the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white man and was arrested in December 1955.
689
How many African Americans took part in the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
50,000.
690
What happened during the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
African Americans refused to give their custom to the bus companies and walked to work instead.
691
Which court case officially ruled that segregation on public transport was unconstitutional?
Browder v Gayle in November 1956.
692
When was the Highways Act passed?
1956.
693
Why was the Highways Act passed?
Eisenhower had believed that the roads and highways in the US were not fit for purpose and new methods of transport aside the railroad were needed.
694
What did the Highways Act do?
Created an interstate highway system.
695
How many miles of road were built under the Highways Act?
41,000.
696
When was the first indoor shopping mall built (+bonus: where)?
1956 in Minnesota.
697
When was the event at Little Rock?
1957.
698
Where is Little Rock?
Arkansas.
699
What happened at Little Rock?
9 black students were enrolled in the local school, and people protested at them going to school. State troops were even sent in by the Governor to stop them from getting into the school.
700
What was Eisenhower’s reaction to the events at Little Rock?
He sent in Federal troops to protect the African American students so they could go to school.
701
When was the Civil Rights Act passed (Eisenhower’s Presidency)?
1957.
702
What did the Civil Rights Act do (Eisenhower’s Presidency)?
Gave the right for people to be taken to court if they tried to restrict other people’s right to vote.
703
What was the significance of Civil Rights Act (Eisenhower’s Presidency)?
It was the first Civil Rights legislation passed since Reconstruction.
704
When was the SCLC established?
1957.
705
What does SCLC stand for?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
706
What did the SCLC do?
Advocated racial equality and integration in a non-violent manner.
707
When was the second Eisenhower Recession?
1957.
708
How many people were unemployed during the second Eisenhower Recession?
5 million.
709
How much did production fall by during the second Eisenhower Recession?
14%.
710
During the second Eisenhower Recession, how big was the deficit?
$20 billion.
711
When was NASA established?
1958.
712
When was Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) set up?
1959.
713
What did SDS do?
Campaigned against the Vietnam War, protested for peace and justice.
714
When and where was the first ‘sit-in’?
1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina.
715
What were ‘sit-ins’?
Groups of young people, both black and white, would sit in at restaurants and refuse to move when they were asked to and even if they were refused service. The people who were participating in the sit-ins refused to be violent.
716
How many cities in the South did sit-ins happen in?
15.
717
What was the US GDP in 1960?
$488 billion.
718
How many women were at university in total in 1960?
1.3 million.
719
When was the first televised Presidential election debate (+bonus: who was it between)?
1960 between Kennedy and Nixon.
720
How many people watched the first televised Presidential election debate?
70 million.
721
When did the Birth Control pill first become available?
1960.
722
When was SNCC established?
1960.
723
What does SNCC stand for?
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
724
When did Ruby Bridges try to go to school?
1960.
725
Explain what happened to Ruby Bridges.
She was a 6 year old girl who tried to go to a predominantly white school after the Brown v Topeka ruling in 1954, yet people protested her going to school every day for a year and teachers refused to teach her.
726
Which court case ruled that segregation on interstate bus and railway stations was unconstitutional?
Boynton v Virginia 1960.
727
By 1960, how many Native Americans had left the Reservations?
3%.
728
During Eisenhower’s Presidency, how did the average worker’s income compare to the 1920s?
It was 2x higher in Eisenhower’s Presidency than 1920s.
729
How many lived under the poverty line during Eisenhower’s Presidency?
22%.
730
In the late 50s, how many shopping malls were there?
4,000.
731
How much did US GDP grow by from 1950-1960?
$133 billion.
732
What percentage of Americans owned their own homes by 1960 (+bonus: what had it been in 1945)?
60% - it had been 50% in 1945.
733
Which President followed Eisenhower?
John F. Kennedy.
734
What were the dates of Kennedy’s Presidency?
1961-1963.
735
What did Kennedy call his domestic policy?
The New Frontier.
736
What was significant about Kennedy as President?
- He was the first Catholic President.
| - He was the 2nd youngest President there had been to that point - he was 43 (very young for a President).
737
Who was Thurgood Marshall and what was significant about him?
He was appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court in 1961 and was the first African American Supreme Court Justice.
738
How many McDonald’s outlets were there in 1961?
228.
739
When was the Area Redevelopment Act passed?
1961.
740
What did the Area Redevelopment Act do?
Allowed Federal government to give loans to states to deal with long term unemployment.
741
When was the Housing Act passed?
1961.
742
What did the Housing Act do?
Gave cheap loans for the redevelopment of inner cities.
743
How did Kennedy change the minimum wage?
Raised it from $1 per hour to $1.25 per hour.
744
How much money did Kennedy make available for public works?
$900 million.
745
When did the Freedom Rides begin?
1961.
746
What were the Freedom Rides?
Black and white activists rode together on buses to see if anyone would protest.
747
Why did Freedom Rides happen?
To test the ruling of Boynton v Virginia 1960.
748
Who organised the Freedom Rides?
CORE (Congress for Racial Equality).
749
Which state did Kennedy threaten legal action against and why?
Louisiana for refusing to fund integrated schools.
750
Who was James Meredith?
An African American student who tried to go to the University of Mississippi but was not let in.
751
What was Kennedy's reaction to James Meredith’s situation?
He sent in 23,000 Federal troops in October 1962 to make sure James Meredith could study at University of Mississippi.
752
What did Kennedy do to try and control inflation?
Limited prices and wages.
753
When was the Manpower and Training Act passed?
1962.
754
What did the Manpower and Training Act do?
Gave training for the long-term unemployed to help them get a job.
755
How many people were trained by the Manpower and Training Act?
200,000.
756
How much higher was unemployment among African Americans in Kennedy’s Presidency than among white people?
2x higher unemployment for African Americans than white people.
757
When was the Trade Expansion Act passed?
1962.
758
What did the Trade Expansion Act do?
Allowed the President to control which goods came into the country through controlling tariffs.
759
Which state was the first to decriminalise homosexual acts between two consenting adults?
Illinois.
760
When were homosexual acts decriminalised by the first state?
1962.
761
By 1962, in which states did all white school still exist?
- Mississippi.
- South Carolina.
- Alabama.
762
What did Kennedy do to taxes (+bonus: why)?
Introduced a general tax cut to encourage people to buy more goods.
763
What industry did Kennedy increase spending for (+bonus: by how much)?
Space technology - spending increased by 20%.
764
What was Medicare?
National Health Insurance program.
765
Which President first proposed Medicare?
JFK.
766
What was Congress’ reaction to the first proposal of Medicare?
They threw it out.
767
When were the events in Birmingham, Alabama?
May 1963.
768
What was Project C?
The other name for the Birmingham Campaign.
769
What happened in Birmingham, Alabama?
There was a series of sit-ins, demonstrations, boycotts on businesses to protest segregation and promote equality.
770
How many people joined in the events in Birmingham, Alabama?
20,000 students.
771
What were the reactions of the Police to the events in Birmingham, Alabama?
They set dogs on demonstrators and hosed them down with high pressure water hoses.
772
How many African Americans were arrested during the events in Birmingham, Alabama?
1,000.
773
When did Kennedy introduce a Civil Rights Bill?
1963.
774
What did Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill propose?
Help for African Americans with housing and education.
775
Why did Kennedy propose a Civil Rights Bill?
He believed it was the right thing to do after the events in Birmingham, Alabama.
776
What happened to Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill?
It was thrown out by Congress.
777
When was the Civil Rights march on Washington?
August 28th 1963.
778
ow many people marched in the Civil Rights march on Washington?
250,000.
779
Who organised the Civil Rights march on Washington?
Many important Civil Rights groups, eg:
- CORE
- SCLC
- SNCC
- NAACP
780
What legal change did the Civil Rights march on Washington bring about?
Encouraged the passing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
781
When was the ‘Feminine Mystique’ published?
1963.
782
Who wrote the ‘Feminine Mystique’?
Betty Friedan.
783
What did the ‘Feminine Mystique’ lead to?
2nd wave of feminism.
784
When was the Equal Pay Act passed?
1963.
785
What was the Equal Pay Act?
Forebode difference of wages on the basis of sex.
786
By the end of Kennedy’s Presidency, how much had unemployment fallen to?
5% of the population.
787
When was Kennedy assassinated?
November 22nd 1963.
788
Which President followed Kennedy?
Lyndon B Johnson.
789
What were the dates of Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency?
1963-1968.
790
What did Lyndon Johnson call his domestic policy?
The Great Society.
791
When Lyndon Johnson began his presidency, what percentage of the population lived under the poverty line?
20%.
792
What did Lyndon Johnson declared he would do for poverty?
He declared a ‘war on poverty’ and said he would reduce it.
793
When was the Civil Rights Act passed?
1964.
794
What did the Civil Rights Act do?
Outlawed discrimination based on sex, colour, religion or national origin and officially ends segregation in public facilities.
795
Why was the 1964 Civil Rights Act passed?
After the Civil Rights march on Washington in 1963.
796
When was the Equal Opportunities Commission set up?
1964.
797
What was the Equal Opportunities Commission?
A government agency to enforce laws on civil rights and sexist issues.
798
When was the Omnibus Economic Opportunity Act passed?
1964.
799
What did the Omnibus Economic Opportunity Act do?
Created Office of Economic opportunity to stop poverty, and created the Job Corps to provide training for the unemployed
800
What was the Head Start program?
It was set up to help children from disadvantaged backgrounds get into kindergarten.
801
How much money did Lyndon Johnson give to the Head Start program?
$1.5 billion.
802
When was the Wilderness Protection Act passed?
1964.
803
What did the Wilderness Protection Act do?
Saved 9.1 million acres of forestland.
804
When did ghetto riots begin?
1964.
805
When did the ghetto riots end?
1972.
806
Why did ghetto riots happen?
People were frustrated as the non-violent methods of advocating equality were taking a long time to cause change.
807
How many people were killed in the ghetto riots?
250.
808
By 1964, what percentage of African American children attended multiracial schools?
2%.
809
When was Medicare officially created?
1965.
810
Who did Medicare originally help?
The elderly to help them with the costs of healthcare.
811
When was the Voting Rights Act passed?
1965.
812
What did the Voting Rights Act do?
Banned literacy tests and unfair exclusions to ensure that African Americans could not be refused the right to vote.
813
When was the Immigration Act passed?
1965.
814
What did the Immigration Act do?
Ended quotas.
815
When was the Water Quality Act passed?
1965.
816
What did the Water Quality Act do?
Stopped pollution.
817
When was the Omnibus Housing Act passed?
1965.
818
What did the Omnibus Housing Act do?
Gave funds to build low income housing.
819
When was the Black Panther movement founded?
1966.
820
What was the Black Panther movement?
A group to help black people financially, and achieve equality and justice for black people.
821
What were some of the aims of the Black Panther movement?
- Decent housing for all black people.
- Full employment in the African American community.
- End to Police brutality.
- Free all black men from prison.
- Exemption of African Americans from military service.
822
How many members did the Black Panther movement have by 1968?
5,000.
823
What did Malcolm X advocate?
Equality by any means necessary (including violence), and he even supported black supremacy and separatism.
824
When was Malcolm X assassinated?
1965.
825
What did Martin Luther King Jr advocate?
Equality through non-violent methods.
826
Who first used the term ‘black power’?
Stokely Carmichael of the SNCC.
827
Why did people begin to support black separatism and black power?
- Wanted faster progress.
- Annoyed by Police brutality.
- Frustrated at non-violent methods.
- New idea of black pride.
828
When was NOW established?
1966.
829
What does NOW stand for?
National Organisation of Women.
830
How many members did NOW have by the 1970s?
40,000.
831
How much money did NOW secure in court cases in backpay for women who had been underpaid because of their gender?
$30 million.
832
When did the Women’s Liberation Movement emerge?
In the 1960s.
833
Who were the Women’s Liberation Movement?
Radical feminists who wanted nothing to do men.
834
What did the Women’s Liberation Movement want?
- All signs of male supremacy were to be removed.
| - Not to have to wear bras and makeup.
835
When was Martin Luther King Jr assassinated?
1968.
836
Who protested the Miss America Beauty pageant?
Women’s Liberation Movement.
837
When was the Miss America Beauty pageant protested?
1968.
838
When was the Fair Housing Act passed?
1968.
839
What did the Fair Housing Act do?
Provided equal housing opportunities regardless of race.
840
Why did people protest the Democratic convention in Chicago in 1968?
They were protesting against the Vietnam War and the election of Hubert Humphrey as Democratic Presidential Candidate.
841
What was the percentage of people living under the poverty line at the end of Lyndon Johnson’s presidency?
12%.
842
During Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency, by how much did the number of African Americans living under the poverty line decrease by?
50%.
843
How many people were given access to healthcare in Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency?
25 million.
844
Which President followed Lyndon Johnson?
Richard Nixon.
845
What were the dates of Nixon’s Presidency?
1968-1974.
846
Why did Nixon win the 1968 election?
He won the vote of ‘middle’ America who wanted an end to violence, activism and street protesting.
847
Which third party was present in the 1968 Presidential Election and who was their candidate?
Segregation party - Wallace was the candidate.
848
When was the Woodstock Festival?
1969.
849
What was the Woodstock Festival?
A festival to promote free love, peace and to protest the Vietnam War.
850
When did people march on Washington against the Vietnam War?
15th November 1969.
851
How many people marched on Washington against the Vietnam war?
500,000.
852
Where did Nixon meet with economic advisors in 1971 (+bonus: what did they do)?
Camp David - they increased Federal regulation of the economy.
853
What did Nixon do towards inflation?
Introduced a 90 day price and wage freeze to reduce inflation.
854
What did Nixon do with the dollar?
He devalued it.
855
When were the Stonewall Riots?
1969.
856
What happened at the Stonewall Riots?
Police raided Stonewall Inn (gay club) and riots were started after Police brutality.
857
What did the Stonewall Riots lead to?
Catalysed the gay rights movement in America.
858
When was the Family Assistance Plan started?
1969.
859
What was the Family Assistance Plan?
Replaced benefits from the Great Society.
860
How much money was a family given in the Family Assistance Plan?
$1,600.
861
How many members did SDS have by the end of the 1960s?
100,000.
862
When were the events at Kent State University?
1970.
863
What happened at Kent State University?
4 students were killed by the Police in riots protesting Nixon’s decision to bomb Cambodia.
864
How many students participated in the events at Kent State University?
2 million.
865
When were the first gay pride marches?
1970.
866
Where did the first gay pride marches take place?
- New York.
- Los Angeles.
- Chicago.
867
In 1971, how many black Congressmen were there?
13.
868
What happened to the buses in Boston in the 1970s?
The school buses were made to be integrated.
869
What was the reaction to the integration of buses in Boston?
There were protests and things were thrown at the buses.
870
How many white school kids dropped out after the buses were integrated in Boston in 1970s?
25%.
871
What was CREEP?
Committee for the Reelection of President. They had to ensure that Nixon won the next election.
872
How much money was given by Nixon to CREEP?
$350,000.
873
What was the Watergate Scandal?
5 CREEP members broke into the Democrat conference room at the Watergate Hotel to steal information by planting bugging devices.
874
When was the Watergate Scandal revealed?
1972.
875
When was the court trial for the Watergate Scandal?
1973.
876
What happened at the court trial for the Watergate Scandal?
Nixon denied the scandal, and submitted edited tapes which made it look like he had not been involved.
877
When was the Oil Crisis?
1973.
878
How much did the price of a barrel of oil rise to during the Oil Crisis?
From $3 per barrel to $12 per barrel.
879
Why did the Oil Crisis happen?
After a trade embargo from the Arab Petroleum Exporting Company after the US sided with Israel, and the US was not producing as much oil as they heavily relied on imports from the Middle East.
880
When was Roe v Wade?
1973.
881
What did Roe v Wade make legal?
Abortions.
882
What does AIM stand for?
American Indian Movement.
883
When was AIM founded?
1969.
884
When was the protest at Wounded Knee?
1973.
885
Who organised the protest at Wounded Knee?
AIM.
886
What happened at the protest at Wounded Knee?
Native Americans declared their own independent state. They signed an agreement with the US government but this agreement was violated.
887
How many people died at the protest at Wounded Knee?
2.
888
What was the result of Passamaquoddy v Morton?
Native Americans secured damages from the government for broken treaties.
889
When was homosexuality no longer a mental illness in America?
1974.
890
When did the first states begin to declare that marital rape was illegal?
Mid 1970s.
891
When was the Election Campaign Act passed?
1974.
892
What did the Election Campaign Act do?
Regulated political campaign spending and funding.
893
When did Nixon resign and why?
1974 after the Watergate Scandal.
894
Which President followed Nixon?
Gerald Ford,
895
What were the years of Ford’s Presidency?
1974-1977.
896
When was HUAC disbanded?
1975.
897
Which court case was the full end of legal subordination of a wife to her husband?
Kirchberg v Feenstra.
898
When was marital rape officially made illegal in all 50 states?
1993.
