Social Changes 1920-1945 Flashcards
When did women gain the vote?
1920
What amendment gave women the vote?
19th Amendment.
How many women served in the armed forces during the war?
90,000
Name a female Hollywood star.
Clara Bow
By 1930, how many more women were employed than in 1920?
2 million more.
Who set up the American Birth Control League?
Margaret Sanger
When was the American Birth Control League set up?
1921
What types of women were ‘flappers’?
White, middle and upper class women.
What did flappers wear and do?
Dark lipstick, short hair, shift dresses to give a more masculine shape, small heels.
Who were the flapper criticised by?
Those living in rural areas.
How did the 1933 Economy Act affect women?
It forbade members of the same family working for the Federal Government, and 75% of those who lost their jobs were women.
What did the NRA codes do in terms of wages?
It allowed unequal wages to be paid.
Name an alphabet agency which didn’t accept women.
CCC
How many women were employed by the CCC and in what capacity?
8,000 but only in administrative positions.
By 1940, what percentage of jobs were filled by women?
Only 10%.
How did labour unions feel towards accepting women in?
Many didn’t want them as women brought down wages.
How many women entered the workforce in 1944 alone?
6.5 million
At the end of the war, what percentage of women were unemployed?
60%
How many aircraft workers were women?
1 in 3
Why did some labour unions call for higher wages for women?
So that the wage for men would rise as well.
Still in the 1940s, women could be dismissed from their jobs at what point in their lives?
When they married.
What was the expectation at the end of the war in regards to women and jobs?
That they would return home and leave the jobs - the majority did just that.
How many African Americans moved North during World War One?
400,000
How many African Americans served in the armed forces in World War One?
300,000
When was the Red Summer and what happened?
1919 - there were a series of race riots across Northern cities eg Omaha.
When and why was there a resurgence of the KKK in the 20th Century?
1915 - after the release of the Birth of a Nation film.
Name a popular Black star in music.
- Louis Armstrong
- Bessie Smith
How many members did the Ku Klux Klan have in 1920?
100,000
How many members did the Ku Klux Klan have in 1925?
5 million
When did membership of the KKK begin to decline?
In 1925 after the Grand Wizard was prosecuted of a rape allegation.
What was the UNIA?
United Negro Improvement Association.
Who founded the UNIA?
Marcus Garvey.
What did Marcus Garvey promote?
The idea of going ‘back to Africa’ and not aspiring to be like the white man.
How many branches of the UNIA were there across the US?
700 branches.
When was Marcus Garvey reported as an undesirable?
1927.
Did FDR pass much Civil Rights legislation?
No because he needed to keep the Southern Democrat vote.
How many African Americans worked in the CCC?
200,000
African Americans made up what percentage of CCC workers?
7% - there were 2.75 million in total and only 200,000 were African Americans
What was the percentage level of unemployment among whites after the war and how did this affect African Americans?
14% but it meant people would rather help the unemployed white men first.
The US employment office’s survey in 1940 found what proportion of defence industries would not hire African Americans?
Half.
What was the Double V campaign?
It called for victory home and abroad - as in equal treatment at home and while fighting for the US abroad.
Who led a march on Washington to demand Civil Rights?
A. Phillip Randoplh
What did FDR agree to after the equality march on Washington?
Fair Employment Practices Committee - to prevent discrimination at work.
What was the Jim Crow army?
In the normal army, African Americans were given menial tasks and unequal training so they were nicknamed the Jim Crow army.
In 1943, how many African Americans soldiers were abroad and why?
79,000 out of a potential 504,000 as white generals did not want them in their squadrons
By 1945, how many African American pilots were there?
600
In 1943, there were race riots in which Northern city?
Detroit.
When was the Immigration Quota Act passed?
1921
What was the Immigration Quota Act?
The number of immigrants allowed into the US was set to 3% of their population in the US in 1910.
When was the National Origins Act passed?
1924
What was the National Origins Act?
It set the number of immigrants allowed into the US to 2% the population had been in 1890.
Just after WW1, why was there a fear of Eastern European and German immigrants?
There was growing nationalism and socialism in these countries and people were scared it would spread to the US.
What did the Sacco and Vanzetti case show?
There was racism in the criminal justice system as the alibis for the two men were solid and there was little evidence against them yet they were still executed for murder.
Towards the end of 1941, how many Japanese immigrants were labelled ‘subversives’ and locked up?
2,000
Towards the end of 1941, how many German immigrants were labelled ‘subversives’ and locked up?
14,000
What did the Attorney General of Idaho say?
That his state was for ‘whites only’.
How many Japanese ‘relocation’ sites were set up in the West in the Second World War?
10.
How many Japanese citizens were forced to leave their homes in total?
112,000
When did Congress declare that all Native Americans were citizens of the USA?
1924
When was the Indian Reorganisation Act passed?
1935
What was the Indian Reorganisation Act?
The Native Americans were officially given citizenship and the government moved away from their policy of assimilation. Tribes were reorganised and allowed to govern themselves.
Why was the Indian Reorganisation Act not successful?
It showed a lack of understanding for Native American cultures and values.
What was the Bible Belt?
An area of Southern USA which had very strict religious Protestant views.
When was the Monkey Trial?
1925
Why did the Monkey Trial happen?
A high school biology teacher had been brought to court for breaking the law because he taught evolution in school.
What did the Monkey Trial show?
The massive differences in between rural and urban USA.
How many US states banned the teaching of evolution in schools?
Six
Why was there not an economic boom in rural areas?
There was a fall in the demand for food from Europe after the war, and advancements in technology meant that there was less farm labour needed. They also did not have running water and electricity like those in the city.
What was the population of Los Angeles in 1930?
1 milion
How did the crash affect urban America?
Many had to go to soup kitchens, millions were unemployed and people were leaving their homes to search for work.
What was the Dust Bowl?
A dry period of weather in the rural areas of America which made it impossible to farm.
How many Okies (small farmers from Oklahoma) went west searching for jobs and why?
1 million - because they had been forced off their land by soil erosion and dust.
Which novel did John Steinbeck write about poverty?
The Grapes of Wrath
By 1940, what percentage of the Chicago population were black?
8%
By 1940, what was the population of Chicago?
3.4 million
