Socialization Flashcards
socialization - definition
socialization:
- process by which someone acquires self identity and is trained necessary social skills for survival and social expectations
personality:
- fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling that is formed by internalizing surroundings
agents of socialization
family
- language acquisition, rules, relationships, morals, behaviour, gender socialization
school
- grammar, rules, social setting, hidden curriculum (scheduling, how to behave in organizations)
peers/social groups
- forming relationships, discussing interests adults may not want to share (music, clothing, drugs, sex)
mass media
- social media, tv, enforcing stereotypes, how we act. starting/stopping trends
government
- laws, sense of security, sanction of punishment (what we can and can’t do)
religion/non-religion
- values, love for others
ethnic background
- beliefs, values, customs
theories of socialization
- urie brofenbrenner’s ecological systems theory
- jean piaget’s theory of cognitive development
- erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
- lawrence kohlberg’s theory of moral development
urie brofenbrenner’s ecological systems theory
microsystem
- direct contact with the individual and their
- environment (parents, sibblings, teachers, school peers)
mesosystem
- The interactions between the child microsystems (parents interact with teachers, influences school experience)
ecosystem
- other students outside the person that influences them and one of their microsystems (neighbourhood, media, parents work)
macrosystem
- cultural influences (socioeconomic status, poverty, ethnicity)
- differs from the specific environment, but the already established society and culture which the person is developing in
chronosystem
- environmental changes that occur over the lifetime (major life transitions, historical events)
Jean piaget’s cognitive development
- focused on thinking and reasoning patterns in children
- argued that children develop in 4 stages:
- sensorimotor stage
- pre-operational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
piaget’s key terms
schemas/schema
- way of organizing and making snese of experiencesex. a dog can look different, but still considered a dog
assimilation
- use current schemas to interpret the external worldex. a child sees a new type of dog theyve never seen before but recognizes it as a dog
accommodation
- create new schemas or adjust old ones to fit new experiences/observationsex. a child sees a cat for first time and thinks its a dog. once corrected, a new category of ‘cat’ is created
piaget’s stages - 1
sensoriomotor stage
- the child experiences the world only through their sense and motor actions
- key development: object permanence
- 0-2 y/o
piaget’s stages - 2
pre-operational stage
- child can use symbols to both think & communicate, can take someone else’s POV, classify objects, and use simple logic
- lacks abstract thinking (conversation)
- key development: egocentrism
- 2-6 y/o
piaget’s stages - 3
concrete operational stage
- reasoning becomes more logic (not abstract), and they learn to think in categories and hierarchies
- operation: figuring things out in your head (mental math, conversation)
- 7-11 y/o
piaget’s stages - 4
formal operational stage
- individuals think abstractly and critically
- abstract rather than concrete solutions (hypotheticals, moral reasoning)
- 12+ y/o
Erik erikson’s psychosocial stages of development
- 1902-1989
- trained by anna Freud
- at each stage a person in confronted with a ‘crisis’ that must be resolved
- each crisis is represented by a healthy vs unhealthy resolution that can be represented as a polar opposite on a line:
trust—————————mistrust
erikson’s stage - 1
infancy
- 0-18 months
- crisis: trust vs mistrust (reliance on caregiver)
favourable outcome: the world is a safe place, can trust others in the future
unfavourable outcome: anxiety, mistrust, insecurity
erikson’s stage - 2
toddlerhood
- 18m-3 y/o
C: autonomy vs doubt/shame (discovering independence)
F: self centered, self confidence
UF: doubt in abilities
erikson’s stage - 3
pre-school
- 4-5 y/o
C: initiative vs guilt (trying out new things)
F: initiating activities and try new things
UF: if told what we do is wrong, we can develop guilt
erikson’s stage - 4
pre-adolescent
- 6-13 y/o
C: industry vs inferiority (discovering owns interests & differences)
F: proud of own accoplishments
UF: fear of being inferior to others
erikson’s stage - 5
adolescence
- 13-21 y/o
C: identity vs confusion (learning social rules)
F: experience confusion but results with a sense of self
UF: role confusion but feel lost
erikson’s stage - 6
young adulthood
- 21-39 y/o
C: intimacy vs isolation (understanding who we are)
F: falling in love & bonding with others
UF: feeling of isolation and loneliness
erikson’s stage - 7
middle adulthood
- 40-65 y/o
C: generativity vs stagnation (leading the next generation)
F: contributing to the lives of others
UF: stagnation or feeling pessimistic
erikson’s stage - 8
old age
- 65+
C: integrity vs despair (reflecting on our lives)
F: sense of fulfillment and acceptance of death
UF: dissatisfaction with life an fear of death
Lawrence kohlberg’s theory of moral development
lvl 1: preconventional
- moral reasoning = personal concern/interest
lvl 2: conventional
- moral reasoning = actions vs expectations or pleasing others
lvl 3: post-conventional
- moral reasoning = personal ethics or the right thing to do
kohlberg’s stage - 1 (pre con)
obedience and punish avoidance orientation
kohlberg’s stage - 2 (pre con)
self interest and exchange
kohlberg’s stage - 3 (con)
interpersonal relationships
kohlberg’s stage - 4 (con)
maintaining social order and law
kohlberg’s stage - 5 (post con)
social contract and individual rights
kohlberg’s stage - 6 (post con)
universal principles
Carol Gilligan’s gender and moral development
- boys and girls experience different forms of socialization, and use different standard of mortality
boys mortality: justice
girls mortality: care and responsibility
Gilligan’s stage - 1
pre conventional morality
- individual survival
transition: from selfishness to care and responsibility for others
Gilligan’s stage - 2
conventional morality
- to be good is self sacrifice (reliance on others and social acceptance)
transition: from goodness to truth
Gilligan’s stage - 3
post conventional morality
- morality and non violence (understanding choice between self and others, do not harm others or self)
social isolation
feral/wild children
- children raised in complete isolation with little to no human interaction or socialization
greatest consequence:
1: language
2: understand and forming relationships
who decides the rules?
1: reality and knowledge are socially constructed
2: knowledge is never value neutral
social construction
- knowledge and reality are reflective of the values and interest of those who produce it
- all knowledge and ways of knowing are connected to a social context
breaking the rules
Thomas theorum: what we define as real is real in its consciences
- rewards and punishments for following or breaking the rules
why does socialization matter?
cultural sunglasses
frames: big picture
- the norms that everyone is taught at birth
Lenses: micro perspective
- individual perspective of the world (own experiences)
