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Political ideologies > Socialism (slayed) > Flashcards

Socialism (slayed) Flashcards

1
Q

fundamentally what is socialism compared to to other ideologies

A
  • opposition to capitalism
  • a more humane alternative
  • focus on collectivism rather than individualism
  • co-operation> competition
  • focus on social equality
  • minimise the class division
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2
Q

what are the two starnds of socialism

A
  • revolutionary socialism and evolutionary socialism
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3
Q

define revolutionary socialism

A
  • socialist values cannot co-exist within capitalism and tnerefore a revolution is necessary to trnasofrm society and the economy
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4
Q

define evolutionary socialism

A
  • gradual change within the pre-existing parliamentary structure
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5
Q

what are the three types of evolutionary socialism

A
  • democratic socialism
  • social democracy
  • “third way”
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6
Q

what is historical materialism

A

economic conflict is the catalyst for social development and chnaging events

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7
Q

what is meant by the term “dialectic”

A

clash of ideas cause a shift to the next part of hsitory

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8
Q

what is “class consciousness”

A

the idea that the working masses are awake and aware of the exploitation in the world

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9
Q

what did marx say about modern work and how it made us feel

A
  • alienated
  • we cannot see ourselves in the work that we create
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10
Q

how did marx describe modern work as being

A
  • insecure
  • we are utterly indespensable
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11
Q

what does marx say that capitalism forces us to put in our hearts

A
  • economic intrests
  • leads to commodity fetishism
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12
Q

how did rosa luxembrug disagree with marx on hitorical materialism

A
  • she argued that less economically devleoped countires could have a communist revolution
  • it would come about from workers developing a class consciousness which would radacalise them into revolution
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13
Q

how did lenin belive a revoltuion would come about

A
  • not after capitalism necessarily
  • from a revoltuinary elite
  • that would overthrow the existing regime
  • this idea of CENTRALISM
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14
Q

how did luxemberg disagree with lenin

A
  • centralism would lead to a communist dictatroship
  • leading to an “absolute dividng wall”
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15
Q

what did lenin call his revolutionary elite

A
  • vanguard
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16
Q

why did luxemburg belive that evolutionary socialism was not possible

A
  • because captitalism is based on economic exploitation
    -meaning socialist parties would lose sense of purpose and the revolutionary instincts of the working class would be dampened
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17
Q

what kind of socialist was rosa luxembrug

A
  • a revolutionary socialist
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18
Q

what is another reason that luxmeburg was against evolutionary socialism

A

-as the contradcitions of capitalism would never be smoothed away meaning that collapse would become inevitable
- as it would run out of people and places to exploit

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19
Q

what kind of socialist was beatrice webb

A
  • evolutionary socialist
  • her idea is termed “democratic socialism”
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20
Q

put simply what is democratic socialism

A
  • the idea that capitalism can be gradually reformed via parliament to achieve a socialt state
  • “inevitablity of gradualism”
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21
Q

why was Webb against revoltuions

A
  • because they are “chaotic, inefficient and counterproductive”
  • “guilty of the same besetting capitialism- unpredictability”
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22
Q

what is the “inevitability of gradualism”

A
  • we would keep electing socilait parties
  • these woudl then transform society
  • by gradually replacing a society based on private ownership with on based on common ownership and public control
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23
Q

why did webb belive that democracy would lead to socialism

A
  • democracy works in the interest of the working class majority
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24
Q

put simply what is democratic socliams

A

“overthrow capitalism via the ballot box”

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25
Q

what does social democracy argue about capitalism

A
  • that it should be reformed rather than replaced
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26
Q

what did crossland think about nationalisation

A
  • that these high levels of collectivism threatened individual freedoms
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27
Q

what are the three key ideas of social democracy

A
  • the mixed economy
  • state managment
  • the welfare state
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28
Q

what is a mixed economy

A
  • blend of free market capitalism and nationalised companies
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29
Q

what is social democracies idea of “state management”

A
  • facilitatin the mixed economy by state management
  • full employment
  • incorperating the ideas of keynes
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30
Q

why did social democracy emphaiszie the need of a welfare state

A
  • once capiatism was suitably formed the state would be able to fund a welfare state that promotes social justice and equality of oppurtunity
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31
Q

what kind of socialist was Crosland

A
  • evolutionary socialist
  • social democracy
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32
Q

what did crosland think the issue of social injustice was

A
  • differences of status and outcome that disfigure society
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33
Q

how does social democracy aim to prevent and resolve injustices

A
  • using the wealth created by the free-market to ensure that proceeds were more fairly distributed accross society
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34
Q

what did crosland say that a fully socialist state

A
  • ” a dull functional nightmare”
  • due to excessive manipulation
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35
Q

what did croland want to do to capitalism in comparison to giddons

A
  • crosland= managing capitalism
  • giddons= embrace capitalism
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36
Q

which branch of socialism is the most “revisionist”

A
  • democratic socialism
  • social democracy
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37
Q

what does social democracy combine

A

economic efficiency and egelatrain social justice

38
Q

what kind of socialsit was anthony giddens

A
  • evolutionary
  • thrid way (new labour)
  • not really a socialist
39
Q

what is thrid way also refered to as

A

neo-revisionism

40
Q

what are the three key features of the third way

A
  • recogntion of the free market over state planning
  • embracing the ideas of a competitive state
  • moral responsibility and social inclusion
41
Q

what was the third ways attitude to welfarism

A
  • hand up not a hand out
  • also feared a dependcy culture
42
Q

thrid way taxes vs social democracy

A
  • third way = low taxation
  • social democracry= high taxation
43
Q

what does thrid way think that the role of the state is

A

promote investemnet in edcuation and infrstructure
- build a “social capital”
- PFI

44
Q

what did peter mandelson

A

” we are intensely relaxed about people geting filthy stinking rich…. just as long as they pay their taxes”

45
Q

which branch of socialism wants the smallest state

A

thrid way socialism
- rejection of state intervention

46
Q

define commun humantiy

A
  • humans are social creatures with a tendency towards cooperation, socialbiity and rationality
47
Q

define social class

A
    • a group of people in society who have the same socioeconomic status
48
Q

define workers control

A
  • the importance of the extent of control over the economy and/or state and how it is to be achieved
49
Q

what do most socialist say about human nature

A
  • optimistic
  • humans naturally prefer to cooperate with rather than compete against eachother
50
Q

what do socialists think capitalism does to human nature

A
  • capitalist economy is wasteful and promotes social divisions and generate conflicct
51
Q

marxon common humanity

A
  • we are “deformed” by capitalism
52
Q

webb on common humanity

A
  • need a community to overthrow capitalism at the ballot box
53
Q

why do socialist belive in collectivism

A
  • humans can achieve objectives more effecivly through collective action than through individual efforts
  • society can only be trasnformed collective endaveour
54
Q

why do socialists think that humans want to cooperatre

A
  • fraternity
  • comradeship and common outlookwh
55
Q

what do socialists think that human nature is moulded by

A
  • social conditions
56
Q

what is meant by the term fraternity

A
  • a “brotherhood”
57
Q

what does the socialist belief in collectivism mean for their vewi of the state

A
  • a big state
58
Q

what did marx think of collectivism

A
  • loved it
  • all workforces would collectivly own all industry and agenicies of society would be communal
  • e.g . the soviet union
59
Q

where the third way even reallly collectivist

A
  • the neo-liberal ideologies mean they are actually more individualistically driven
60
Q

what did marx and engles think about workers control

A
  • would be a short period of workers control = DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT
  • then in communism it would no longer be necessary
61
Q

what did marx term the short period of workers control

A
  • dictatorship of the proletariat
62
Q

what did webb think about workers control

A
  • that workers are incapable of such responsibility
  • instead we wil be led by a “proffessional expert”
63
Q

what was social democracys attitude to worleers control

A

dont support it s they are comfrotable with a mixed economy and think that we can make capitalism work

64
Q

what did the third way think about workers control

A
  • impraticble
65
Q

what is a modern example of workers control

A
  • codetermination in germany
  • companies with 2,000 employees must be given a chance to be elected onto the supervisory board
66
Q

why may workers control be problamatic

A
  • would cut working hours
  • workers would demand more
  • without a management, responsibilty is diluted
    UTOPIAN IDEA
67
Q

what has helped cause class dealignemnt

A
  • deindustrialisation in britain
  • downfall of facotry and mine workers and an increase in offfice jobs
68
Q

why is social class so important for revolutionary socialists like marx

A
  • it is the working class who are the masses
  • they are repsonsible for this transformation of society in some sense
69
Q

what was marx’s plan for social class

A
  • get ridd of it through a revolution
  • the state under capitalism reinforced a parasitic relationship between the bourgeoiie and the prolatariet
70
Q

what was Webb’s attitude to social class

A
  • wouldnt get rid of it completely rather she just wanted to make the gap between classes much narrower
71
Q

how did crosland see class

A
  • less of a class war
    -more of a fairer distribution
  • focus on equality of oppurtunity thorugh comprehensive education
72
Q

what are the 4 types of equality

A
  • equality of oppurtunity
  • absolute eqaulity
  • equality of welfare
  • equality of outcome
73
Q

define equality of oppurtunity

A
  • indivduals are entitled to equal chancs to make the best of their abilities, there should be no barriers to the progress of an idividual group
74
Q

what are the three things that socialists agree on in regards to equality

A
  • foundational equality
  • rejeection of natural hierarchys
  • equality of oppurtunity
75
Q

what do revolutionary socialist think of equality of oppurtunity

A
  • can only be acheived in communism as capitalism is so corrput
76
Q

what does webb think about equality of opurtunity

A
  • we first need to reform capitalism by the ballot box
  • similar to marx in that in contempoary society now such ideas are not plausible
77
Q

social democrats on equality of oppurtunity

A
  • to aheive it we must break down class barriers
  • do this through progressive taxation adn an even distrubition of wealht via a exoanisve welfare state
  • and COMPREHENSIVe eDUCATION
78
Q

what did giddens think about equliaty of oppurtiunity

A
  • it need to targert the neediest in society
79
Q

what is meant by the term absolute equality

A
  • all individuals should recieve the same rewards as long as they contribute to the best of their ability
80
Q

what socialists supported absolute equlaity

A
  • revolutinaries
  • through the nationalistaion of everything and the abolition of private property their would be a fair distribution
  • no more social or economic inequalities
81
Q

what is common ownership

A

-the means of production are owned by the workers so that all are able to particpate in its running and to benefit the wealth of society

82
Q

what socialists where against common ownership and why

A
  • webb still envisaged a gap just a smaller one
  • crosland wanted a meritocracy and thought full nationalistaion would lead to a dull colourless life
  • giddens thought that inequality was a natural consequence of society
83
Q

define equality of outcome

A
  • economic rewards should be distributed to the value of an individuals contribution
84
Q

give a modern exmaple of equality of outcome

A
  • postive discrimination
  • contextual university offers
85
Q

what socialist favours equality of outcome

A
  • webb
  • as she wanted a gradual incrimental process to close the gap in society
86
Q

why do other socialists not like equality of outcome

A
  • marx= not enough we need absolute
  • croslnad= meritocracy we need an incentive to work and to be better
  • giddens= feared a dependency culture, focus on individual effort
87
Q

deifne equality of welfare

A
  • society is inevitably uneqaul
  • but everyone should be entitled to an equal minimal standard of living
88
Q

what socilaits supported equality of welfare

A
  • webb= minimises the gap and we can achieve it trhough mass nationalistaion
  • crosland= state is a neutral force that we can use to help widen oppurtunities
89
Q

what socialists opposed equality of welfare

A
  • marx= we need absolute
  • giddens - welfare should be a hand up not a hand out and should only apply to the neediest (feared a dependency culture)
90
Q

who impacted alot of webb’s ideas

A
  • william bevridge and the bevridge report
91
Q
A
92
Q
A

Political ideologies (2 decks)

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