Socialism, Communism, and Capitalism

Question 1

socialism

Answer 1

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 2

utopia

Answer 2

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More.

Question 3

robert owen

Answer 3

was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.

Question 4

karl marx

Answer 4

was a philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about capitalism and communism.

Question 5

communism

Answer 5

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 6

proletariat

Answer 6

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

Question 7

democratic

Answer 7

relating to or supporting democracy or its principles.

Question 8

communist manifesto

Answer 8

is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Question 9

capitalism

Answer 9

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Question 10

david ricardo

Answer 10

was a classical economist known for his Iron Law of Wages, labor theory of value, theory of comparative advantage and theory of rents. David Ricardo and several other economists also simultaneously and independently discovered the law of diminishing marginal returns.

Question 11

thomas malthus

Answer 11

An 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth. Malthus’ population theories were outlined in his book, “An Essay on the Principle of Population”, first published in 1798.

Question 12

dictatorship

Answer 12

government by a dictator.

Question 13

laissez-faire

Answer 13

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

Question 14

adam smith

Answer 14

is one of the world’s most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to Adam Smith and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.

Question 15

friedrich engles

Answer 15

was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.

Question 16

declaration of rights of women

Answer 16

also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges

Question 17

suffrage

Answer 17

the right to vote in political elections.

Question 18

Romanticism

Answer 18

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Question 19

realism

Answer 19

was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement.

Question 20

naturalist

Answer 20

an expert in or student of natural history.

Question 21

beethoven

Answer 21

German composer. Despite increasing deafness, Beethoven wrote prodigiously: nine symphonies, thirty-two piano sonatas, sixteen string quartets, the opera “Fidelio” (1814), and the “Mass in D” (the “Missa Solemnis”, 1823)

Question 22

mark twain

Answer 22

was a Mississippi River term: the second mark on the line that measured depth signified two fathoms, or twelve feet—safe depth for the steamboat. In 1857, at the age of twenty-one, he became a “cub” steamboat pilot.

Question 23

cartography

Answer 23

the science or practice of drawing maps

Question 24

social darwinism

Answer 24

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and re

Question 25

charles darwin

Answer 25

A British naturalist of the nineteenth century. He and others developed the theory of evolution. This theory forms the basis for the modern life sciences. Darwin’s most famous books are The Origin of Speciesand The Descent of Man.

Question 26

albert einstein

Answer 26

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955) Einstein.

Question 27

relativity

Answer 27

the absence of standards of absolute and universal application

Question 28

sigmund freud

Answer 28

is known as the Father of Psychoanalysis, a method for treating psychological pathology by means of dialogue between the patient and the psychoanalyst. During psychoanalysis, the patient talks about whatever thoughts come to mind, a process called “free association.”

Question 29

modernism

Answer 29

modern character or quality of thought, expression, or technique.

Question 30

impressionism

Answer 30

a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

Question 31

monet

Answer 31

French landscape painter; the leading exponent of impressionism.

Question 32

natural selection

Answer 32

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

Question 33

pytorillyich

Answer 33

Russian composer. His works, which are noted for their expressive melodies, include the Sixth Symphony (the Pathétique; 1893), ballets, esp Swan Lake (1876) and The Sleeping Beauty (1889), and operas, including Eugene Onegin (1879) and The Queen of Spades (1890), both based on works by Pushkin