Socialism Flashcards
-What where the views of Karl Marx and Engels on the 4 aspects? (HN , state , society , economy)
(Revolutionary socialists)
-Human nature is fraternal and altruistic.
False consciousness of bourgeois values. So revolutionary socialism would solve this.
-the bourgeois state should be destroyed by a revolution and replaced by a new social state.
-Society should be communist in order to create perfect society and less class conflict
-Capitalism is corrupt, inefficient and ultimately self-destructive. It should and will be replaced by collective ownership.
What where the view of Rosa Luxemburg?
-Human nature has not been damaged to the extent that Marx alleged. Fraternity and altruism still works in communities of working classes.
-The Capitalist state should get destroyed by a revolution. And the new one should be a democratic state, with freedom of speech.
-The Capitalist Society is class-ridden and that alternative societies exist like proletarian communities.
-Capitalism is more resilient than Marx allowed and so stated that economy should be under workers control and this requires determination.
What was Beatrice Webb views?
(DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM)
(Part of fabian society and labour clause IV)
-Human nature needs to be guided back gradually to cooperative conditon.
-The state view is that if harnessed to universal suffrage the existing state could be used for a gradual transition to socialism.
-Society still faces difficulties of inequality and poverty of the capitalist society. Leading to regressive competition.
-A chaotic capitalist economy will gradually be replaced by one with common ownership of means of production
What where four aspects of Anthony Crosland?
(Social democracy)
-Human Nature has a powerful sense of fairness and an innate objection to huge inequalities.
-Democratic Socialist governments prove that existing state can be used to effect redical, socialist change.
-Society is increasingly complicated by the emergence of a new social group comprimising meritocracy and class divisions.
-A mixed economy to be taken underpinned by limited common ownership and keynesian capitalism to finance public spending.
What was Anthony Giddens believes?
(Third Way)
-Human nature has been shaped by socio-economic conditions. The pro-fairness instinct is still present, but it now competes with a sharpened sense of individual aspiration.
-The existing state should be improved by redistribution of political power while encouraging greater political participation.
-Society has undergone embougeoisement- egalitarians must work together rather than deny these forces.
-Economy= privitisation and deregulation will provide a neo-liberal economy. This will finance public spending and equality of opportunity.
What was socialism and who first used it?
Socialism is the opposition of capitalism and the first person to use it is Charles Fourier. Strives for social equality.
What is socialism believe about the economic system?
The believe of common ownership.
What is the socialism view on human nature?
A optimistic view about human nature. (later) Socialist believe that we are destined to vastly improve the world. But (earlier) Revolutionary socialists believe that communism would cause humans to be wise and happy.
What are the three types of evolutionary socialism?
-Democratic socialism (Beatrice Webb= mass nationalisation)
-Social democracy (Anthony Crosland= Social Justice through a redistributive welfare system)
-Third Way (Anthony Giddens=Neo liberal view which added elements of free market)
What are three aspects of equality that socialists agree on?
-Foundational equality
-Rejection of natural hierarchies
-Equality of opportunity=each individual should have equal life chances
How do Socialist differ on The idea of equality?
-Equality of opportunity=Each individual has the same life chances
-Equality of outcome=Economic rewards should be distributed to the value of an individual contribution.
-Absolute equality=All individuals should receive same economic rewards as long as the contributions made to society are made to the best off their ability.
-Equality of welfare=Everyone should be entitled to the minimum standard of living. By provision of welfare.
What do each socialist believe in equality of outcome?
(EQUALITY OF OUTCOME=That people should be given the economic rewards they deserve through what they contributed)
-Revolutionary socialism = Presupposed that capitalism would get rid of it, which they believed as impossible so dismissed it.
-Democratic socialism= Webs arqued for an incremented process were income would be evenly distributed more.
-Social democracy = Crosland was against pure equality as he felt that it would weaken the economy by being a discincentive to the wealth creators.
Third Way= Giddens argued that wage equality of outcome was impracticable and a discincentive which will damage the economy.
What did each socialist believe about absolute equality?
(Absolute equality= is where individuals should receive the same economic rewards but contributions to society has to be made to the best of their abilities)
-Revolutionary socialist=Believed in a common ownership and collectivism of materials.
-Democratic socialism=High taxation anf flatten differences between classes.
-Social Democracy=Meritocratic mixed economy. Those contributed
-Third Way=Accepted inequality was a natural concept of society
What did each socialist believe about equality of opportunity?
(EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY= People should be given equal life chances)
-Revolutionary socialists=believe equality of opportunity can only take place after a revolution.
-Democratic socialism=can only be achieved by reforming capitalism like common ownership.
-Social Democracy=Argued for a progressive taxation and believed in a mixed economy.
-Third Way=Advocated for abandoning universal welfare and for mea tested benefits.
What did each socialist believe about equality of welfare?
(Equality of welfare=everyone to be entitled with a minimum standard of living by provision of welfare)
-Revolutionary socialism=Equality of welfare was rejected due to it being a capitalist society.
-Democratic Socialism=Equality of welfare can be achieved through nationalisation and efficient redistribution programme.
-Social Democracy=Crosland saw the state as a neutral force that could break down barriers by widening opportunities.
-Third Way=High levels of social security and welfare were a discincentive to work and created dependency. Benefits should only be targeted to the needy.
