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Politics Paper 1 🖤 > Socialism > Flashcards

Socialism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the core ideas of socialism?(5)

A

Collectivism
Common humanity
Equality
Social Class
Worker’s control

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2
Q

What are the four types of socialism?

A

Revolutionist socialists (Marxists)
Social Democracy
Third Way
democtratic socialism
social democracy and democratic socialism combined/coherent in exam essay

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3
Q

What are the socialist key thinkers?

A

Marx and Engels- Revolutionary socialists
Rosa Luxemburg- Revolutionary socialist
Beatrix Webb- democtratic socialism
Anthony Crossland- Social Democracy
Anthony Giddens- 3rd Way

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4
Q

What is fraternity?

A
  • A common outlook & share basic nature/interests humans have.
  • Mutual support/ common humanity
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5
Q

What quotes do Marx and Engels use?

A
  • ‘from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.’
  • ‘Surplus value’ plants ‘the seeds of its own destruction.’
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6
Q

What quotes does Beatrice Webb use?

A
  • Expansion of state was critical to deliver socialism & would lead to the ‘peaceful emergence’ of socialism.
  • Capitalism caused ‘crippling poverty and demeaning inequality.’ The average voter was limited, ill informed, & selfish so she rejected direct democracy & the ‘self-interested’ nature of workers control.
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7
Q

What quotes does Crossland use?

A
  • Called for ‘democratic equality’ arguing socialism had to move beyond equality of opportunity.
  • Wanted to ‘destroy ever grammar school in England & Wales’.
  • Economic change led to society being less polarised between employers & employees, & ‘infinitely more complex than Marx could ever have imagined’.
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8
Q

What quotes does Anthony Giddens use?

A
  • ‘Social investment state’ in infrastructure & education, not economic & social engineering when they benefit from economic growth through free market.
  • The left should ‘get comfortable with the markets’ as the free-market economy was the most efficient system of production, & economic growth would benefit everyone.
  • Community was ‘fundamental to knew politics’.
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9
Q

What do Marx and Engels say about the state?

A
  • The state serves whatever class controls the economy.
  • Dictatorship of the proletariat: In the wake of a revolution, a new state shall arise, utilising the interests of new dominant class
  • Once it has cemented socialist values, it will ‘wither away’ & be replaced by communism with common ownership & the principle ‘from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.’
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10
Q

What do Marx & Engels say about the economy?

A
  • Historical materialism: historical; & social development can be explained in terms of economic and class factors.
  • Economic system ‘conditions’ all other aspects of society.
  • Reject the liberal view that capitalism promotes prosperity & individual liberty for all as it encourages competitiveness. ‘Surplus value’ plants ‘the seeds of its own destruction.’
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11
Q

What do Marx and Engels say about society?

A
  • Dialectical change is a process of development that occurs through the conflict between two opposing forces. The process only ends with the establishment of communism.
  • Class consciousness is needed for oppressed to overthrow oppressor. Free from the constraints of capitalism by abolishing private property, the state, & class differences.
  • Individuals can become fully developed through cooperation & creative work.
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12
Q

What does Rosa Luxemburg say about the state?

A
  • rejected Lenin’s argument that the workers had to be led by a small, centralized vanguard elite to overthrow capitalism.
  • A party demanding total obedience would prevent workers from becoming ‘free and independent directors’ of society under socialism.
  • she advocates the immediate construction of a new democracy, underpinned by common ownership, open debate & elections.
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13
Q

What did Rosa Luxemburg say about the economy/capitalism?

A

Eventually, capitalism will run out of territories and markets to exploit, and the system would collapse.

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14
Q

What did Rosa Luxemburg say about society?

A
  • Proletariat discontent against state control would erupt into numerous un/successful strikes, bringing a revolution.
  • Socialism could not be created gradually from within capitalism through reform as it would leave the capitalist system of economic exploitation intact.
  • The struggle of the proletariat for democracy & reform is essential to overthrow false class consciousness.
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15
Q

What does Beatrice Webb say about the state?

A
  • New age of democratic politics would inevitably lead to policies that secure interests of working class.
  • Expansion of state was critical to deliver socialism & would lead to the ‘peaceful emergence of socialism.’
  • Part of Fabian Society who helped Labour draft Clause IV, ensuing common ownership
  • Endorses ‘inevitability of gradualness.’
  • she encouraged the development of the welfare state.
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16
Q

What does Beatrice Webb say about the economy?

A

Capitalism caused ‘crippling poverty and demeaning inequality.’ This would most likely be eliminated through vigorous trade unionism & extensive state intervention.

17
Q

What does Beatrice Webb say about society?

A
  • The average voter was limited, ill informed, & selfish so she rejected direct democracy & the ‘self-interested’ nature of workers control.
  • Representative democracy was preferable as it led to a skilled governing class subject.
18
Q

What does Beatrice Webb say about human nature?

A

Capitalism is a ‘corrupting force’ for humanity, fostering unnatural levels of avarice & selfishness.

19
Q

What does Anthony Crossland say about the state?

A
  • Main aim of socialism now is to manage capitalism to deliver greater equality
  • Called for ‘democratic equality’ more than equality of opportunity
  • Economic expansion would provide the gov with funds for welfare & social spending to improve life for those at the bottom of society, while enabling the more affluent to preserve their standard of living.
  • egalitarian society - high levels of government spending
20
Q

What does Anthony Crossland say about the economy?

A
  • finance greater spending necessary to secure equality
  • Modern capitalism lacked internal tensions to drive social change or bring a revolution. mixed economy
  • Some nationalised industries in a system based on private ownership was the best way to generate sustained economic growth. limited ownership
  • have a gov pursing Keynesian economics: to maintain high employment, ensure low inflation, & promote continuous growth.keynesian economics
21
Q

What does Anthony Crossland say about society?

A
  • increasingly complicated due to emergence of new social groups - society being less polarised between employees and employers (more than Marx and Engels could have ever have imagined)
  • development of comprehensive education ensuring children of all backgrounds/abilities would have similar education “destroy every grammar school in england and wales”
22
Q

What does Anthony Giddens say about the state?

A
  • ‘Social investment state’ in infrastructure & education NOT economic & social engineering when they benefit from economic growth through free market.
  • Called for gov action to control widening equalities of outcome as Top-down state intervention was now inefficient & ineffective.
  • Rejects dependency culture (eg extensive state welfare & wealth distribution programmes)
23
Q

What does Anthony Giddens say about the economy?

A
  • Acceptance of free market economy.
  • The left should ‘get comfortable with the markets’ as the free-market economy was the most efficient system of production, & economic growth would benefit everyone.
24
Q

What does Giddens say about society?

A
  • Emphasis on equality of opportunity, responsibility & community. These offset the negative effects of free market capitalism (excessive materialism & competitive individualism), but also reflects declining class conflict & hierarchy.
  • Social democracy had to be modernised due to globalisation and embourgeoisement
  • emphasis on equality of opportunity as needed for people to better themselves through ability & effort
25
Q

What does Giddens say about human nature?

A
  • Free market would encourage personal qualities like responsibility.
  • pro-fairness instinct is present, it now competes with a sharpened sense of individual aspiration.
26
Q

Where do socialists agree on the state?

A
  • Reject monarchical, theocratic & aristocratic state.
  • To bring about social justice & fairer society, a strong state is needed.
  • It can enable redistribution of wealth
  • Advocate for a democratic state that reflects and creates equality.
  • reducing state power will increase inequality.
27
Q

What is dirigiste?

A

Having or supporting control of society & the economy by the state.

28
Q

What are the three types of states that socialists reject?

A
  • Monarchic: Monarch is head of state.
  • Theocratic: The Government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided/ a state governed by a theocracy.
  • Aristocratic: Government by a relatively small privileged class or by a minority consisting of those presumed to be best qualified to rule.
29
Q

Where is there consensus within socialism over the economy? (5)

A
  • State intervention in economic affairs - the profit driven free market cannot allocate wealth & resources fairly.
  • Believe it is impossible to address the fundamental issue of inequality without addressing structure of economy.
  • Capitalism encourages competitiveness & ruthless egotism.
  • Want greater workers control & redistribution of wealth.
  • ‘Redistributionist economy.’
30
Q

Where is there consensus over the society? (5)

A
  • society = class inequalities, economic divisions, & disparities in property ownership.
  • Individuals are products of society.
  • Equality of opportunity is meaningless without equality of outcome.
  • social justice through healthcare & education is essential for equality.
  • narrowing social classes is necessary to establish socialism
31
Q

What do socialists mean by ‘collectivism’?

A

Acting collectively to enhance human potential.

32
Q

What do socialists believe by workers control?

A

Means of production and the state are controlled by the proletariat.

33
Q

when was Rosa Luxemburg writing?

A

late 19th century, early 20th

34
Q

when was Marx and Engles writing?

A

mid 1800s, mid 19th century

Politics Paper 1 🖤 (10 decks)

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