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Preparation A-level Politics > Socialism > Flashcards

Socialism Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of fraternity?

A

The sharing of common interests , everyone is tightly knitted like brothers

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2
Q

What are the three groups of socialism?

A
  • Revolutionary Socialists
  • Social democrats
  • Third way socialists
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3
Q

Who are the thinkers for Revolutionary socialists?

A
  • Marx
  • Engels
  • Luxemburg
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4
Q

Who is the thinker for the Social Democrats?

A

-Anthony Crossland

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5
Q

Who is the thinker for Third Way Socialism?

A
  • Anthony Giddens
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6
Q

Revolutionary socialists view on human nature ?

A
  • generally good, co-operative and empathetic.
  • It can be can be moulded by the society around them
  • capitalism can cause it to become become greedy
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7
Q

Revolutionary socialists view on the state?

A
  • state should be abolished as it was the tool of the bourgeoisie
  • socialist state needs to be implemented in order to promote social justice and the redistribution of wealth
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8
Q

Revolutionary socialists view on society?

A
  • a classless society where there is full equality is desirable
  • existing society is so ‘sick’ that a revolution can provide the necessary ‘shock therapy’
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9
Q

Revolutionary socialists view on the economy?

A
  • aim for the total abolition of capitalism

- want redistribution of wealth

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10
Q

Social democrats view on human nature?

A
  • humanity can become a cooperative fraternal condition
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11
Q

Social democrats view on the state?

A
  • socialist parties should campaign peacefully

- Social democracy believes in capitalism with a strong interventionist state

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12
Q

Social democrats view on economy?

A
  • capitalism can stay with a strong interventionists state
  • capitalism is the best state to generate wealth
  • They are critical of the inequalities caused by free market capitalism but also accept capitalism as being the best way to generate wealth
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13
Q

Third way view on human nature?

A
  • humans are naturally inclined towards fairness
  • humans require cohesive society
    nature can prosper under capitalism
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14
Q

Third way view of the state?

A
  • rejected state intervention
  • role of state to be toward social investment
  • less bloating of welfare state
  • state can be reformed to produce greater political equality
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15
Q

Third way view of society?

A
  • rejected class conflict

- wanted equality emerged with capitalism

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16
Q

Third way view of economy?

A
  • accepted/ encourages capitalism

- the wealth from capitalism and free market would be put into social investments

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17
Q

What is historical materialism?

A

At first there were primitive societies, the economic system of capitalism manifested and class consciousness and the proletariat eventually rise up and revolt.

The proletariat eventually destroy capitalism

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18
Q

Why did Marx think revolution was inevitable?

A

Believed that revolution was inevitable as the conditions of capitalism will create class consciousness

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19
Q

Why did Webb not believe in revolution

A

She feared that revolution would only cause more chaos and make human nature even worse

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20
Q

What is the ‘inevitability of gradualism’

A

Webb believed that it was inevitable because working class people would vote for socialist parties and this would lead to those socialist parties reforming the state which would lead to more votes as humans would see the benefits

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21
Q

How did Luxemburg disagree with Marx about revolution?

A

Luxemburg disagreed with Marx that we had to wait for revolution, capitalism could be destroyed and abolished much earlier

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22
Q

Why did Anthony Crossland think capitalism had changed?

A

Crosland believed capitalism was no longer an evil oppressive system as the post war reforms of Labour had changed it for the better. Therefore there was no need to abolish capitalism

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23
Q

Define collectivism

A

Collectivism implies cooperation with others with others rather than competitive individual self striving. It leads to cooperation and prevents conflict and aggression that is caused by self striving.

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24
Q

Why are all socialists egalitarians?

A

They believe in equality is the core principle and it is an aspect of our human nature.

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25
Q

Which socialist strand does not use the language of class at all

A

Third Way

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26
Q

Define communism

A

An economic system in which the means of production are owned by the common rather than the individuals. Also social class and inequality are abolished

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27
Q

Why did the consequence of revolutionary socialist prove disappointing for many socialists

A

Marx’s ideas

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28
Q

Define class consciousness

A

The Marxist idea that the proletariat would become aware of their economic position in society and join others to form a mass revolutionary movement

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29
Q

What theory did Luxembourg develop?

A

Revolutionary mass action- she believed that the organisation is the class struggle had to come from below and show be a spontaneous uprising of the proletariat

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30
Q

What is revisionist stand of socialism

A

Social democracy and the Third Way

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31
Q

Why do social democrats accept capitalism?

A

best way of creating large amounts of wealth.

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32
Q

How do the social democrats ensure there is social justice ?

A

progressive taxation, welfare and redistribution, mixed economies

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33
Q

Social democrats are also called revisionists sometimes why?

A

They rejected revolution as violent and unnecessary at a time when the franchise was being extended and capitalism had proved to be more complex. Reformism implies gradual and peaceful change

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34
Q

What 4 types of socialist are there?

A

Revolutionary/Evolutionary, Revisionist/Fundamentalist

35
Q

What is Marx and Engels’ view on Human nature?

A

It has been contaminated by capitalism instilling a false consciousness of bourgeoise values

36
Q

What is Luxemburg’s view on human nature?

A

Fraternity and altruism flourish in socialist communities punished by capitalist economies

37
Q

What is Beatrice Webb’s view on human nature?

A

Only violent revolution can truly show the damage that capitalism has conflicted on the soul

38
Q

What is Anthony Crosland’s view on human nature?

A

Sense of fairness and objection to inequality of outcome

39
Q

What is Anthony Gidden’s view on human nature?

A

Human nature has been shaped by changing socio-economic factors

40
Q

Who states that the state ‘is a capitalist tool and must be destroyed by revolution’?

A

Marx and Engels

41
Q

Who states that the state ‘if harnessed to universal suffrage could be used to effect a gradual change to socialism’?

A

Beatrice Webb

42
Q

Who states that the state ‘should be improved by redistribution and decentralisation of political power whilst encouraging greater political participation’?

A

Anthony Giddens

43
Q

Who states that the state ‘must be crushed by revolution arising from strike action and not class consciousness’?

A

Rosa Luxemburg

44
Q

Who states that the ‘existing state can be used to exert radical, socialist change’

A

Antony Crosland

45
Q

What is Marx and Engels’ view on the economy?

A

Capitalism = corrupt, inefficient, self-destructive

46
Q

What is Luxemburg’s theory on the economy?

A

Capitalism’s necessary destruction is through the replacement of the economy based on worker’s control

47
Q

What is Webb’s view on the economy?

A

A capitalist society will be replaced by one for the benefit of the workers based on common ownership

48
Q

What is Anthony Gidden’s view on the economy?

A

He wants a ‘mixed economy underpinned by limited public ownership and Keynesian ethics’

49
Q

What is Crosland’s view on the economy?

A

Neoliberal economy propelled by privatisation and deregulation

50
Q

Who states that society is ‘defined by class interests and class conflict which is bad’?

A

Marx and Engels

51
Q

Who states that society is ‘increasingly complex, altered by the emergence of new social groups’

A

Anthony Crosland

52
Q

Who states that in society, ‘poverty and inequality in a capitalist society continue to depress human potential whilst fostering regressive competition’?

A

Beatrice Webb

53
Q

Who states that ‘capitalist society is class ridden and indefensible yet they still exist in downtrodden socialist societies’

A

Luxemburg

54
Q

What is collectivism?

A

An idea that covers how collective human effort is both of greater practical value to the economy and moral value to society than the efforts of the individuals

55
Q

What is a common humanity?

A

The idea that humans are social creatures with a tendency to co-operation, sociability and rationality and an individual cannot be understood without reference to society

56
Q

Why is equality a fundamental socialist principle?

A

Covers the disagreements among socialists about the nature of equality and how it is critical to the state, society, human nature and economy

57
Q

Why is social class a fundamental principle of socialism?

A

As a group of people in society with the same socioeconomical status will cover the extent to which class impacts on socialists’ views of society, the state and the economy

58
Q

Why is important for worker’s control within socialism?

A

As they are the importance of the extent of the economy and how it is to be achieved

59
Q

What is Fraternity?

A

The idea that the relationship between human beings should be marked by generosity, warmth and comradeship

60
Q

What is social justice?

A

Legal justice isn’t always enough - justice should involve healthcare, education, minimum wage etc…

61
Q

What is common ownership?

A

The idea that is against private ownership and moves toward a more collective approach

62
Q

For socialists, what forms collectivism take place within the economy?

A 
Progressive taxation
Progressive public spending
Extensive public services
Extensive state regulation of capitalism
State/common ownership
63
Q

What do socialists wish to do with wealth?

A

Redistribute it

64
Q

What is the key principal of revolutionary socialism?

A

That socialism can only be brought in with the revolutionary overthrow of existing political and social structures

65
Q

Which Key thinkers are revolutionary socialists?

A

Marx and Engels

Luxemburg

66
Q

What is a fundamentalist socialist and how do they differ?

A

Fundamentalist socialists believe that capitalism at some point needs to be abolished, however revolutionary socialists believe that this needs to be done through revolution. You can have fundamentalist revolutionary socialists as well as fundamentalist evolutionary socialists.

67
Q

Who is an evolutionary socialist?

A

Beatrice Webb

68
Q

What is dialectic change?

A

Refers to the clashes and stages that will inevitably take place within each ‘stage’ of history and which eventually leads to the disappearance of existing society

69
Q

What does democratic socialism aim to do in accordance to capitalism?

A

Humanise it in the interests of social justice

70
Q

At what pace would earlier democratic socialist governments transform society?

A

a gradual pace

71
Q

What would parties do whilst campaigning to show that gradualism is inevitable?

A

Campaign peacefully and gradually win the trust and attention of voters

72
Q

What would the majority of voters feels to show that gradualism is inevitable?

A

The working class would become disillusioned with capitalism and realise they had no interest in it

73
Q

Who would voters inevitably elect to show that gradualism is inevitable?

A

Socialist governments

74
Q

Who would oversee replacement of private industry and how quickly would this occur to show that gradualism is inevitable?

A

Democratic socialist governments

Gradually

75
Q

What would voters recognise with he socialist governments?

A

That they worked and the progress they make, re-electing them in again

76
Q

Who is an important democratic socialist?

A

Beatrice Webb

77
Q

What type of socialists are Third Way socialists?

A

Evolutionary, Revisionist socialists

78
Q

Which Key thinker represents the Third Way?

A

Anthony Giddens

79
Q

What does the third way aim to do?

A

Reconcile socialism with a capitalist economy that was more neo-liberal

80
Q

What is the most controversial aspect of third way revisionism?

A

Its revised attitude to equality of outcome

81
Q

Who led the movement of Third Way socialism in national politics?

A

Blair

82
Q

What showed a robust example of third way triangulation under New Labour?

A
  • Stewardship of the economy
  • Deregulation of banks and other financial services
  • Steep increases in public spending
83
Q

Which social reforms showed the Third Way of labour under Blair?

A

Devolution
HRA
Civil partnerships for homosexuals

Preparation A-level Politics (10 decks)

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