socialisation (key studies) Flashcards
Ann Oakley 1982
Feminist
Identifies two key processes in the construction of gender roles in the family
MANIPIULATION: encouraging behaviour seen as stereotypically expectable for the child gender and punishing children with sanctions when they go against the norm.
CANALISATION: channeling children interests into actives which are seen as normal for that gender.
Val Gillies 2005
study focused on social class
- Middle class parents are more likely to emphasise the importance of education.
- This encourages children to do well at school and strive for higher education.
- Working class parents more likely to teach strategies to cope with poverty,low social status and vulnerability to abuse and hardship.
- The’re less likely to emphasise the importance of education.
Paul Ghuman 1999
Looked at ethnicity as a factor effecting socialisation specifically in first generation Asian communities.
parents taught:
- emphasis on being obedient, loyal and respectful to elders
- social conformity was demanded
- interdependence within the community was valued over being individualistic
- Religion was valued as it encouraged humility and selflessness
collectivism vs individualism
These values where achieved through sanctions and role modelling
Howard Becker 1965
Interactionist
Labelling theory
-Believed that people conformed to other expectations of them
eg, if a teacher believed a student was clever they would treat them as such. In turn the student would work extra hard in order to conform to that standard.
This is known as a self full-filling prophecy
Smith et al
researched the effects of cyber bullying in schools
a study of 100 people over 14 schools completed a survey about there experiences with cyber bullying.
- 20% of students had experienced negative social sanctioning online in the form of ‘ bitchy comments.
- This resulted in the students trying to change there behaviour to ‘fit in’
- This online mocking disproportionately effected girls
- a third of the students failed to tell anyone about it.
Sherry Turkle
Believes social media is having a negative effect on our identity,our real life relationships and our ability to communicate
-we live in danger of being completely isolated in the digital world
-believes online interactions aren’t as fulfilling as face to face ones
- believes technology is causing a disconnect within the family
parents who role model this by constantly checking there phones and tablets are setting a bad example for there children who will inevitably mirror there behaviour
Waddington
talks about how work can influence our socialisation
Eg canteen culture within the police force.
- this acts as an informal education as police officers socialise with others, sharing war stories and getting advice from the more experienced.
However this also perpetuates the underlying culture of racism homophobia and misogyny within the police.
Sue Sharpe
Studied how our values change overtime.
- studied girls leaving state schools in 1970 vs 1990
-found in the 70s girls wanted to fall in love, get married and have children.
- in the 90s girls still wanted that but first wanted a career, education and Finacle independence
Simpson
talked about norms and the unwritten rules on how society expects us to behave.
looked at gay men and there behaviour.
- found in hetreospaces they ‘degayed’ themselves to fit in more but in homospaces there where free to live there truth.
Parsons
believed men and women had expressive and instrumental roles.
Walter
feminist perspective
claimed we live in a hyper sexual society
women seen as objects for desire as supposed to people
worried about how porn and social media is effecting eating disorders in girls
Hakim
- criticizes Walters argument
argues that women are exercising new found freedom to engage in this hypersexual culture
.
women are breaking away from past views of femininity.
believes women should use there sexual capital to gain more opportunity.
Sewell
argues media is influential in the lives of inner city Afro-Caribbean youths
thinks rap stars act as father figures and role models to black youths.
thinks they are heavily influenced by the hyper male, ‘gangsta’ lyrics which promote gang cultre and discrimination
Watson
suggests the hijab isn’t a symbol of oppression but a symbol of liberation from the male gaze.
Bruce
believes religion is used as a cultural defence by the older generation to preserve traditional values.
gannon
believes women are discriminated against in both age and gender.
a women’s status is reduced after menopause because society still see’s women in terms of objects for childbearing
Skeggs
studied a group of WC women working in healthcare
found that despite wearing makeup and heels in there day to day life they found as there careers progressed they started wearing more demure clothes
copying those who already worked there.
Durkheim
believes the hidden curriculum in education creates value consensus in society and that the organic analogy describes the way society functions.
davis and moore
argue that education teaches us the value of a meritocracy.
the competition in education allows for role allocation with those students who work the hardest achieving the highest paying jobs and status
the Sutton trust
looks at the percentage of people in high paying jobs who went to a private school.
found over 1/3 of politicians did
this is an issue as politicians are supposed to represent everyone in society.
Hey
looked at how peers controlled eachother.
through informal sanctions
girls who dont conform to soical expectations get exclueded by other girls.
WC peer groups are more likely to slut shame and dress more provocatively than MC groups
Poole
found that peers have more of an influence over our socialisation than media.
found multicultural friend groups where less likely to buy into Islamophobic media than those in all white friend groups.
Goffman (identity)
believes in impression management
- the idea that we’re performing in front of others
mead
‘the i and me’
we have our true selves then the version of ourselves we put on for others
hobsawn
‘identity is like the shirts we wear not the skin we’re born with’
Les back
- talked about hybrid identities
- how especially in milticultral friend groups there’s a mix of black identities with many white working class youths adopting slang traditonally associated with carribean
- black views this as a good thing as it blurs the divisive lines of ethnicity.
Discussed cultural borrowing
Nyak
cultural hybridity
Studied a group called ‘white wannabes’ who adopted ‘black culture’
Hebdige
subcultures
Studied punk youth
Found they had different norms and values
Rejected capitalism
Refused to by clothes in shops
Adorno
Believes pop culture distracts the masses from what’s truly important
Reinforces a false class consciousness and capitalist ruling class values
Gordan
Believes the selective law enforcement is used to prevent the middle classes from being held to account with there crimes.
there’s often more of a focus on street crime than white collar crime.
Durkheim (social control)
views prison as positive.
Reinforces social expectations, norms and values through media coverage of crime.
Goffman
studied the effects of total institutions
found in psychiatric wards, military and prison people are completely stripped of there identity and every aspect of there day to day life is controlled.
this leads to them becoming institutionalised and not being able to function on the outside.
Murray and Heidenstam
there study highlights the effects of informal social control when its not applied correctly.
Inadequate socialisation.
Strinati
Pop culture reinforces consumerism and false psychological need.
keeps people on a Finacle knife edge so they keep working for the capitalist system
Ken Roberts
upper classes immerse their children into a ‘culture of privilege’
this creates a superiority complex which is reinforced through there peer groups.
eg private schools, Bullingdon club ect
Ritzer
global culture
big multinational companies come and monopolizes local markets.
this is known as mcdonaldisation
McLuhan
Belives global culture is a good thing.
we live in a global villlage because of the internet.
eg children from different countries playing video games together.
katz and sugiyama
in consumer culture products are a status symbol.
eg people are more likely to by phones which are fashionable as supposed to functionable.
laughy
consumer culture normalises debt and encourages people to keep working
Giddens
we live in a risk society due to globalisation
personal risk
increased divorce rates
few can look forward to a job for life.
social risk
religious fundamentalism
world recessions
refugee crisis
environmental risk
global warming
pandemics
Fox
talks about intercultural diversity.
different nationalities have different mannerisms
eg french people place a high value on food
British people talk a lot about the weather ect
right realists
believe we should be tough on crime
Marshall
found 60% of people he surveyed thought themselves as belonging to a class
90% could place themselves in one if promted
Pakulski and waters
post modernist sociololgist
belive lifestyle is a central organising feature in peoples lives
in class is no longer relevent in peoples social identities
embourgoisment thesis
lesuire activities where previously based on class but now we have more consumer choice.
Braverman
traditional w/c jobs have been overtaken by the service sector.
despite being less dangerous these jobs are still low income and low status so the people who work them are still m/c
willmott and young
traditional working class
goldthorpe and lockwood
new working class
norms and values changed in regards to gender
materialism has increased the standard of living.
w/c have become emboised
Bourdeiue
discussed cultural, material and social capital of the m/c
Sugarman
deferred gratification
m/c where more likely to wait to be rewarded
king and smith
jack wills crowd
brand targeted privately educated university goers
wearers used the brand to cling onto there upper class identity in ever diversifying universities
savage
devised the great British class survey
braverman
proleterianisation
m/cs becoming more like working classes
Charles murray
believed in the polarisation of the w/c
those who moved on after britain moved to the service sector and those who didnt
belives those who didnt (the underclass) claimed benefits and where lazy and undeserving
Wilkinson
the gender quake
surveyed 18 to 34 year olds
found there had been a feminisation of the workplace
women had ambitions similar to men and belived equality was there birthright
men more likely in be in the domestic sphere and women in the professional one
the guardian
found millennials were more likely to have a less confined view of gender than the older generation.
rise of androgyny and being non binary
martin mak an ghaili
with a decline of tradtionally manly jobs and manual labour men are experiencing a crisis of masculinity.
men are no longer connected to there identity so respond by turning to crime, domestic violence and in some cases depression to regain power.
Hines
conducted interviews with trans people
found many felt associations from the opposite gender in childhood.
agents of socialisation helped validate there feelings later in life.
most felt like there gender identity was most validated later in life by medical experts
Butler
gender performity
argues the way we act in accordance to our gender prevents us from pushing the boundaries of what it means to be a man or women
McRobbie and Garber
argue differences between the genders is the result of boys and girls differently in childhood
Kate Julian
living through a sex recession
young people aren’t as interested in sex as the previous generations
people going on sex holidays as if its a job
McCormack
decrease in cultural homophobia
studied sixth form boys and found they were openly accepting about how all sexuality should be treated the same
due to changes in media and changes at a cultural level
michel Foucault
discourse theory
peoples perspectives on sexuality are shaped by the conversations surrounding it.
Mcintosh
there are expectations surrounding how a person should act depending on there sexuality
Rich
compulsory heterosexuality
female sexuality is oppressed by the patriarchy to ensure they stay submissive to men
lesbianism is a threat to male dominance and power
kinsey reports
37% of men had a sexual experience with another man but didn’t call themselves gay
weeks
found that sexuality was still a powerful identity.
people lgbtq still have to come out. though many people still describe themselves as gay despite never being in a same sex relationship.
Judith butler
queer theory
emphasises the fluidity of sexual relationships.
sexuality is socially constructed through language.
we need to deconstruct these in order to move forward as a society
hayfeild and jowett
bisexual identities are oppressed from both straight and homosexual communities
yougov survey 2019
48% of 18-24 year olds define themselves as something other than straight.
todd
straight jacket
discusses gay shame and how suicide rates are higher in members of the LGBTQ community
also high levels of addiction and drug use
Alexander
The art of being black
Studied a group of youths she felt were symbolic markers of being black
things like the way they walked talked and dressed were identifiable as being ‘black’
concluded the black identity was one that takes work.
hewitt
invisible culture
studied white working class youths in London felt disappointed they couldn’t celebrate there culture without seeming racist
Johal
suggests cultural hybridity wasn’t as easy to master as back suggests
Asian youths often adopt a white mask in order to fit in with there peers
perpetuates white supremacy
Modmood
studied afro Caribbean youths living in Birmingham
second and third generation immigrants were less likely to be religious than there parents
more likely to identify as black rather than west Indian like there parents
Giddens (ethnicity)
argues post modern world is overwhelming people are falling back on traditional values
explains a resurgence in culture
Zempi
experienced extreme racism and islamophobia when she wore a burqa
believes society is becoming more racist and its as bad as its ever been
Bhopal
societies like Britain still focus on the culture of the white majority especially in education
Durkheim (nationality)
talks about sacred symbols and how flags anthems and symbols linked to national identity are extremely powerful in creating a sense of national identity
Fox (nationality)
English people have developed a specific way of communicating
complex conversational codes
others those who aren’t socialised into them
Kumar
claims the english have developed a sense of missionary nationalism
england doesnt have as strong a sense of national identites as other british nations
Miller and slater
carried out research in trinidad
found the internet had strengthened national identity
ford and godwin
found the social profile of people who voted bnp in the last election
middle aged male employees from the industrial north
felt threatened by the impact of immigration on the labour and housing markets
Hall
countries will display three responses to globalisation
except global culture
embrace cultral hybrididty
form a cultral ressitance
sadar
global identity crisis
after cold war traditional national identifers of east vs west communism vs capitalism had broken down
decolinisation has led britain to become a much smaller nation faced with a choice to either become more European or american
robertson
glocalisation
rejection of americanisation and cultral imerialism
Hockey and james
Older people are infantilised by those around them
treated like children in both how they are spoken to and the lack of control they have over there lives.
creates learned helplessness
reinforced via residential care.
Arber and Ginn
Older people make significant contributions to the economy via unpaid work
help finacle with there children, child care to grandkids ect
shows there still a vital part of our society
roberts (age)
laws have continued to prolong the amount of time someone remains a child and are dependant on there parents.
eg assuming parents are able to cover the cost of uni
stopping unemployment benefits for under 18s
Goffman (age)
stigma of age
people see themselves negatively when others hold that view of them.
results in the development of a master status.
eg delinquent teenagers, older people experience ageism ect
Featherstone and Hepworth
the more consumer power older people have the more likely they are to defy stereotypes
phillipson
old age is now experienced in the community rather than the family.
older people are now claiming friends neighbours and the media are just as important as there immediate family.
media has a strong influence on older people because they watch a lot of tv
there still active in the community but there work is unpaid
concludes old age can be a time of opportunity
Berry
there’s a digital divide between the old and young
Gannon
The cult of the youth doubly disadvantages women as they lose both there sexual capital and social status as they enter retirement
Moore
Old age and the lonliness epidemic
w/c people more likely to experience fuel poverty
Shakespere
society relies on the medical model disabled people are socialised into a victim mentality.
society disables people with impairments
describes a lack of control people with disablitys have
scott
studied how people who become blind are socialised into blind personalities.
suggests that learned helplessness is internalised and perceptions on disability are based on social expectations.
barnes
the media has a role to play in the construction of disabled identities
disablity usually presented through stereotypes
- the tragic and pitiful
- villainous and evil
- the ‘super crip’
murugami
disabled people increasingly have the ability to construct there own identity
accepting there impairment but become independent of it
Mcruer
disabled communities are changing language surrounding there identity
crip theory
builds on queer theory suggests that disability is a performance which you need to play in order to be taken seriously, further reinforces discrimination rather than addvressing the root concerns of the issue
