Socialcultural Summary

Question 1

Summarize:

SIT

Answer 1

• existence of social selves separate from individualn identities
• salient identities are expressed more
• social categorisation, identification, and comparison, positive distinction

Question 2

Holistic Evaluation

SIT

Answer 2

• abstract
• self-esteem is dissatisfactory explanation for discrimination
• RinI

Question 3

Summarize:

SCT

Answer 3

• behaviours are learned from observation and modelling
• vicarious reinforcement
• reciprocal determination
• self-efficacy and triadic reciprocal causation

Question 4

Holistic Evaluation

SCT

Answer 4

• abstract
• explains learning without trial-and-error (high heuristic validity)
• Charlton et al (2002): JKZ ((1986) variant measuring antisocial behaviour yielded no change

Question 5

Summarize:

Stereotype Formation

Answer 5

• irrational fixed beliefs incorrectly generalised to a social group
• cognitive misers
• illusory correlation falsely correlates events

Question 6

Holistic Evaluation

Stereotype Formation

Answer 6

• abstract
• impressions dissipate, suggesting memory distortion as an alternate explanation
• cognitive overload theoretically inhibits association

Question 7

Summarize:

Stereotype Effects

Answer 7

• Stereotype threat: fear of confirming a negative stereotype undermines performances
• Negatives of Positives: disrespect of individuality
• Memory distortion: cognitive misers

Question 8

Holistic Evaluation

Stereotype Effect

Answer 8

• abstract
• RinI

Question 9

Summarize:

Cultural Differences

Answer 9

• dynamic sets of values shared between individuals
• influence attitudes, behaviours, and cognition
• enculturation/acculturation

Question 10

Holistic Evaluation

Cultural Differences

Answer 10

• imposed etic crisis
• differences are difficult to explain

Question 11

Summarize:

Cultural Dimensions

Answer 11

• Hofstede (1973): dimensions shape cultural behaviour
• PICIUM

PICIUM: power distance, individuality, confucian work dynamism, indulgen

Question 12

Holistic Evaluation

Cultural Dimensions

Answer 12

• abstract
• imposed etic crisis
• origins of differnces in dimensions are difficult to explain

Question 13

Summarize:

Enculturation

Answer 13

• internalisation, reinforcement and learning of values
• self-socialization or transmission
• direct tuition or observational learning (SCT)

Question 14

Holistic Evaluation

Enculturation

Answer 14

• abstract
• explains rigidity of stereotypes
• variation in conformity to cultural norms

Question 15

Summarize:

Acculturation

Answer 15

• exposure and adopting norms of another culture
• assimilation, integration, merginalisation and separation
• acculturate stress: conflct of cultural identities

Question 16

Holistic Evaluation

Acculturation

Answer 16

• abstract
• high applicabiliity to support for international migrants

Question 17

Summarize:

Globalisation

Answer 17

• delocalization towards a unified global culture heaviliy influenced by the most dominant cultures
• cultural distance and identity confusion
• local and global cultures

Question 18

Holistic Evaluation

Globalisation

Answer 18

• abstract
• emic
• reflexivity about ecological fallacies

Question 19

Holistic Evaluation

Multi-Store Model

Answer 19

• abstract
• oversimplification.
• Cowan (2010) questions temporal validity of Miller (1956)

Cowan (2010): running span procedure suggests 3-5 items

Question 20

Holistic Evaluation

Working Memory Model

Answer 20

• support from clinical evidence
• oversimplification
• ambiguity over component interactions

Question 21

Summary

Schema Theory

Answer 21

• cohesive, repetable action sequences possessing component actions that are tightly interconnnected and governed by a core meaning (Piaget, 1952)
• assimilation, accomodation
• internalisation

Question 22

Holistic Evaluation

Schema Theory

Answer 22

• abstract (Cohen, 1993)
• does not account for individual differences
• oversimplification