Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioral Sciences > Social Thinking > Flashcards

Social Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Factors affecting attraction

A
  1. similarity
  2. self-disclosure
  3. reciprocity
  4. proximity
  5. outward appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

We are attracted to people who’s faces are more___?

A

symmetric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Golden Ratio

A

Physical attractiveness, which is increased with symmetry and proportions close to 1.618:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Self-disclosure

A

sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with non-judgmental empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mere exposure effect (or Familiarity effect)

A

people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aggression

A

behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Purpose of aggression

A
  1. offers protection against perceived and real threats
  2. helps organisms gain access to resources such as food, additional territory, or mates
  3. could be a deciding factor that allows one to pass on genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amygdala

A
  • fear
  • contributes to violent behavior
  • responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments
    (tells us whether or not something is a threat)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When the amygdala is activated, aggression ___?

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • manages stress and emotion

- can calm down a revved-up amygdala by reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex does what to aggression?

A

increases it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

High levels of _____ have been linked to more aggressive behavior in both males and females

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cognitive Neoassociation Model

A

states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions (tired, sick frustrated, or in pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alcohol _____ aggressive behavior.

A

Increases

  • alcohol impairs judgement and limits one’s ability to control aggressive reactions.
  • Makes one feel less inhibited by social mores that would normally restrict aggressive behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Attachment

A

emotional bond b/w a caregiver and a child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does the development of attachment begin?

A

infancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

stated that infants need a secure base in the form of a consistent caregiver during the first six months to 2 years of life from which to explore the world and develop appropriately
- secure base meaning a caregiver who is consistent, available, comforting, and responsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of attachment

A
  1. Secure attachment
  2. Avoidant attachment
  3. Ambivalent attachment
  4. Disorganized attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secure attachment

A

when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he/she has a secure base to return to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is a child during secure attachment?

A

upset at the departure of the caregiver and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver

  • child trusts the caregiver will be there for comfort
  • while the child can be comforted by a stranger, BUT he/she will clearly prefer the caregiver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is a child during avoidant attachment?

A

will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver

- child shows little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the caregiver returns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A
  • sometimes referred to as Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
    when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully
  • child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is a child during ambivalent attachment?

A

child is unable to form a secure base as he/she cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response
- child will be very distressed on separation from the caregiver but has a mixed response when the caregiver returns, often displaying ambivalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors
- can include avoidance or resistance, dazed, frozen, confused, or repetitive behaviors like rocking
associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by caregiver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Disorganized attachment is a red flag for ___?

A

abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Social support

A

perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Types of social support

A
  1. emotional support
  2. esteem support
  3. material support
  4. informational support
  5. network support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Emotional Support

A

listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone’s feelings
“I’m sorry for your loss” … or hospital visit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Esteem Support

A

touches more directly on AFFIRMING the qualities and skills of a person
“telling a friend that missed school due to illness that she should have no problem making up the work b/c she is smart and an efficient worker”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Material Support

A

Also called Tangible Support
any type of financial or material contribution to another person
“making a meal after friend loses a love one or donating money to needy person”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Informational Support

A

providing information that will help someone

“talking to patients explaining their diagnoses”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Network Support

A

gives a person a sense of belonging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

People with low social support show higher levels of__?

A
  • major mental disorders, alcohol and drug use, and suicidal ideation
  • mortality risk from different diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Foraging

A

seeking out and eating food

36
Q

Sensation of hunger is controlled by the _______

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Promotes hunger

A

Lateral hypothalamus

- damage to this are causes a person to lose all interest in eating

38
Q

Responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

- damage to this area causes obesity because the individual never feels full

39
Q

Polygyny

A

male having exclusive relationships with multiple females

40
Q

Polyandry

A

female having exclusive relationships with multiple males

41
Q

Direct benefits

A

providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support to the MATE

42
Q

Indirect benefits

A

promoting better survival in OFFSPRING

43
Q

Mechanisms of mate choice

A
  1. Phenotypic benefits
  2. Sensory bias
    - development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
  3. Fisherian (runaway selection)
    - positive feedback; particular trait has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time (ex: plumage of peacock)
  4. Indicator Traits
    - traits that signify overall good health & well being
  5. Genetic Compatibility
44
Q

Altruism

A

helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost of him- or herself
- research shows that an individual will help another person only when the benefits OUTWEIGH the costs for the individual

45
Q

Empathy

A

ability to be about to experience the emotions of another

46
Q

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

one individual helps another person when he/she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost

47
Q

Game Theory

A

originally used in economics & math to predict interaction based on game characteristics, including strategy, winning and losing, rewards and punishments, and profits and costs

48
Q

A game is defined by ____ (3 things)

A
  1. the players
  2. the info and actions available to each player at decision points
  3. payoffs associated with each outcome
49
Q

In biology, game payoffs refer to ______

A

fitness

50
Q

Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)

A

when adopted by given population in specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising

51
Q

Hawk-Dove Game

A

focused on access to shared food resources

  • player choose hawk (fighter; displaying aggression and fighting until he wins or is injured) or dove (fight avoidance; aggression at first but retreating if fight escalates)
  • if the dove is not faced with a fight, he will share his food
  • 3 potential outcomes:
    1. 2 hawks compete, 1 will win & 1 will lose
    2. hawk & dove compete, hawk will invariably win
    3. 2 doves compete, they will share food resources
  • payoff is based on the value of the reward AND the cost of fighting
52
Q

4 alternatives for competitors when dealing with strategic interactions

A
  1. Altruism - donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to him- or herself
  2. Cooperation - both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
  3. Spite - both the donor and recipient are NEGATIVELY impacted
  4. Selfishness - donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted
53
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

measure of an organism’s success in the population
- based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others

54
Q

How is altruism supported by Inclusive Fitness?

A

close relatives of an individual will share many of the same genes; thus, promoting the reproduction and survival of related or similar individuals can lead to genetic success
- other species show examples of this by protecting the offspring at large. by sacrificing themselves to protect the young, these organisms ensure the passing of genes to future generations

55
Q

Social perception

A

Also referred to as Social Cognition

- provides the tools to make judgments and impressions regarding others

56
Q

3 components of social perception

A
  1. the perceiver
    - influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state
  2. the target
    - the person about which the perception is made
  3. the situation
    - given social context can determine what info is available to the perceiver
57
Q

Social perception is highly linked to?

A

attitudes; social perception focuses on how we form attitudes about specific characteristics of individuals and groups

58
Q

Primacy Effect

A

the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

59
Q

Recency Effect

A

When the most recent info we have about an individual that is the most important in forming our impressions

60
Q

Reliance on Central Traits

A

tendency to organize the perception of others based of traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

61
Q

Implicit Personality Theory

A

states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related

62
Q

Halo Effect

A

cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affect by one’s overall impression of the individual.
“I like Judy so Judy is a good mother and is trustworthy”

63
Q

Just-World Hypothesis

A

tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

64
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors
- protects our self esteem

65
Q

Attribution Theory

A

the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

66
Q

Founding father of Attribution Theory

A

Fritz Heider

67
Q

two main categories of attribution causes

A
  1. Dispositional (internal) INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
    • those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his/her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics
  2. Situational (external) SOCIAL CONTEXT
    • those that relate to features of the surrounds, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure
68
Q

Types of Cues

A
  1. Consistency Cues
  2. Consensus Cues
  3. Distinctiveness Cues
69
Q

Consistency Cues

A

refers to the consistent behavior of a person over time

- more regular the behavior, the more we associate that with the motives of the person

70
Q

Consensus Cues

A

relate to the extent to which a person’s behavior differs from others
- more likely to form dispositional attribution

71
Q

Distinctiveness Cues

A

refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios
- more likely to form situational attribution

72
Q

Correspondent Inference Theory

A

Focuses on the INTENT of others’ behaviors
- when an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by by dispositional attribution (person’s personality)

73
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard tot he actions of others

74
Q

Attribute Substitution

A

occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic

75
Q

Stereotypes

A
  • attributes that people BELIEVE define and characterize a group
  • attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial info about a person or group of individuals
  • COGNITIVE
76
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions:

  1. warmth - not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
  2. competence - those that have high status within society
77
Q

Prejudices

A

*AFFECTIVE

78
Q

Discrimination

A

*BEHAVIORAL

79
Q

Paternalistic Stereotypes

A

the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored
EX: housewives, elderly people, disabled people

80
Q

Contemptuous Stereotypes

A

the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger

EX: welfare recipients, poor people

81
Q

Envious Stereotypes

A

the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust

EX: Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists

82
Q

Admiration Stereotypes

A

the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings

EX: in group, close allies

83
Q

Stereotypes can lead to _______ of certain groups of individuals

A

Expectations

84
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype

85
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

refers to the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group

Behavioral Sciences (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions