Social Thinking Flashcards
1
Q
Factors affecting attraction
A
- similarity
- self-disclosure
- reciprocity
- proximity
- outward appearance
2
Q
We are attracted to people who’s faces are more___?
A
symmetric
3
Q
Golden Ratio
A
Physical attractiveness, which is increased with symmetry and proportions close to 1.618:1
4
Q
Self-disclosure
A
sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with non-judgmental empathy
5
Q
Mere exposure effect (or Familiarity effect)
A
people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
6
Q
Aggression
A
behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
7
Q
Purpose of aggression
A
- offers protection against perceived and real threats
- helps organisms gain access to resources such as food, additional territory, or mates
- could be a deciding factor that allows one to pass on genes
8
Q
Amygdala
A
- fear
- contributes to violent behavior
- responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments
(tells us whether or not something is a threat)
9
Q
When the amygdala is activated, aggression ___?
A
increases
10
Q
Prefrontal cortex
A
- manages stress and emotion
- can calm down a revved-up amygdala by reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness
11
Q
Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex does what to aggression?
A
increases it
12
Q
High levels of _____ have been linked to more aggressive behavior in both males and females
A
testosterone
13
Q
Cognitive Neoassociation Model
A
states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions (tired, sick frustrated, or in pain)
14
Q
Alcohol _____ aggressive behavior.
A
Increases
- alcohol impairs judgement and limits one’s ability to control aggressive reactions.
- Makes one feel less inhibited by social mores that would normally restrict aggressive behavior
15
Q
Attachment
A
emotional bond b/w a caregiver and a child
16
Q
When does the development of attachment begin?
A
infancy
17
Q
Mary Ainsworth
A
stated that infants need a secure base in the form of a consistent caregiver during the first six months to 2 years of life from which to explore the world and develop appropriately
- secure base meaning a caregiver who is consistent, available, comforting, and responsive
18
Q
Types of attachment
A
- Secure attachment
- Avoidant attachment
- Ambivalent attachment
- Disorganized attachment
19
Q
Secure attachment
A
when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore, knowing that he/she has a secure base to return to
20
Q
How is a child during secure attachment?
A
upset at the departure of the caregiver and will be comforted by the return of the caregiver
- child trusts the caregiver will be there for comfort
- while the child can be comforted by a stranger, BUT he/she will clearly prefer the caregiver
21
Q
Avoidant attachment
A
caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
22
Q
How is a child during avoidant attachment?
A
will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver
- child shows little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the caregiver returns
23
Q
Ambivalent attachment
A
- sometimes referred to as Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully - child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
24
Q
How is a child during ambivalent attachment?
A
child is unable to form a secure base as he/she cannot consistently rely on the caregiver’s response
- child will be very distressed on separation from the caregiver but has a mixed response when the caregiver returns, often displaying ambivalence
25
Disorganized Attachment
child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver's absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors
- can include avoidance or resistance, dazed, frozen, confused, or repetitive behaviors like rocking
associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by caregiver.
26
Disorganized attachment is a red flag for ___?
abuse
27
Social support
perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network
28
Types of social support
1. emotional support
2. esteem support
3. material support
4. informational support
5. network support
29
Emotional Support
listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone's feelings
"I'm sorry for your loss" ... or hospital visit
30
Esteem Support
touches more directly on AFFIRMING the qualities and skills of a person
"telling a friend that missed school due to illness that she should have no problem making up the work b/c she is smart and an efficient worker"
31
Material Support
Also called Tangible Support
any type of financial or material contribution to another person
"making a meal after friend loses a love one or donating money to needy person"
32
Informational Support
providing information that will help someone
| "talking to patients explaining their diagnoses"
33
Network Support
gives a person a sense of belonging
34
People with low social support show higher levels of__?
- major mental disorders, alcohol and drug use, and suicidal ideation
- mortality risk from different diseases
35
Foraging
seeking out and eating food
36
Sensation of hunger is controlled by the _______
Hypothalamus
37
Promotes hunger
Lateral hypothalamus
| - damage to this are causes a person to lose all interest in eating
38
Responds to cues that we are full and promotes satiety
ventromedial hypothalamus
| - damage to this area causes obesity because the individual never feels full
39
Polygyny
male having exclusive relationships with multiple females
40
Polyandry
female having exclusive relationships with multiple males
41
Direct benefits
providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support to the MATE
42
Indirect benefits
promoting better survival in OFFSPRING
43
Mechanisms of mate choice
1. Phenotypic benefits
2. Sensory bias
- development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population
3. Fisherian (runaway selection)
- positive feedback; particular trait has no effect or a negative effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time (ex: plumage of peacock)
4. Indicator Traits
- traits that signify overall good health & well being
5. Genetic Compatibility
44
Altruism
helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost of him- or herself
- research shows that an individual will help another person only when the benefits OUTWEIGH the costs for the individual
45
Empathy
ability to be about to experience the emotions of another
46
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
one individual helps another person when he/she feels empathy for the other person, regardless of the cost
47
Game Theory
originally used in economics & math to predict interaction based on game characteristics, including strategy, winning and losing, rewards and punishments, and profits and costs
48
A game is defined by ____ (3 things)
1. the players
2. the info and actions available to each player at decision points
3. payoffs associated with each outcome
49
In biology, game payoffs refer to ______
fitness
50
Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)
when adopted by given population in specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising
51
Hawk-Dove Game
focused on access to shared food resources
- player choose hawk (fighter; displaying aggression and fighting until he wins or is injured) or dove (fight avoidance; aggression at first but retreating if fight escalates)
- if the dove is not faced with a fight, he will share his food
- 3 potential outcomes:
1. 2 hawks compete, 1 will win & 1 will lose
2. hawk & dove compete, hawk will invariably win
3. 2 doves compete, they will share food resources
- payoff is based on the value of the reward AND the cost of fighting
52
4 alternatives for competitors when dealing with strategic interactions
1. Altruism - donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to him- or herself
2. Cooperation - both the donor and recipient benefit by cooperating
3. Spite - both the donor and recipient are NEGATIVELY impacted
4. Selfishness - donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted
53
Inclusive Fitness
measure of an organism's success in the population
- based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others
54
How is altruism supported by Inclusive Fitness?
close relatives of an individual will share many of the same genes; thus, promoting the reproduction and survival of related or similar individuals can lead to genetic success
- other species show examples of this by protecting the offspring at large. by sacrificing themselves to protect the young, these organisms ensure the passing of genes to future generations
55
Social perception
Also referred to as Social Cognition
| - provides the tools to make judgments and impressions regarding others
56
3 components of social perception
1. the perceiver
- influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state
2. the target
- the person about which the perception is made
3. the situation
- given social context can determine what info is available to the perceiver
57
Social perception is highly linked to?
attitudes; social perception focuses on how we form attitudes about specific characteristics of individuals and groups
58
Primacy Effect
the idea that first impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions
59
Recency Effect
When the most recent info we have about an individual that is the most important in forming our impressions
60
Reliance on Central Traits
tendency to organize the perception of others based of traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver
61
Implicit Personality Theory
states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and their behavior are related
62
Halo Effect
cognitive bias in which judgments about a specific aspect of an individual can be affect by one's overall impression of the individual.
"I like Judy so Judy is a good mother and is trustworthy"
63
Just-World Hypothesis
tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
64
Self-Serving Bias
Refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors
- protects our self esteem
65
Attribution Theory
the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior
66
Founding father of Attribution Theory
Fritz Heider
67
two main categories of attribution causes
1. Dispositional (internal) INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
- those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his/her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics
2. Situational (external) SOCIAL CONTEXT
- those that relate to features of the surrounds, such as threats, money, social norms, and peer pressure
68
Types of Cues
1. Consistency Cues
2. Consensus Cues
3. Distinctiveness Cues
69
Consistency Cues
refers to the consistent behavior of a person over time
| - more regular the behavior, the more we associate that with the motives of the person
70
Consensus Cues
relate to the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others
- more likely to form dispositional attribution
71
Distinctiveness Cues
refer to the extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios
- more likely to form situational attribution
72
Correspondent Inference Theory
Focuses on the INTENT of others' behaviors
- when an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by by dispositional attribution (person's personality)
73
Fundamental Attribution Error
Bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard tot he actions of others
74
Attribute Substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic
75
Stereotypes
- attributes that people BELIEVE define and characterize a group
- attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial info about a person or group of individuals
* COGNITIVE
76
Stereotype Content Model
attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using 2 dimensions:
1. warmth - not in direct competition with the in-group for resources
2. competence - those that have high status within society
77
Prejudices
*AFFECTIVE
78
Discrimination
*BEHAVIORAL
79
Paternalistic Stereotypes
the group is looked down upon as inferior, dismissed, or ignored
EX: housewives, elderly people, disabled people
80
Contemptuous Stereotypes
the group is viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger
| EX: welfare recipients, poor people
81
Envious Stereotypes
the group is viewed with jealousy, bitterness, or distrust
| EX: Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists
82
Admiration Stereotypes
the group is viewed with pride and other positive feelings
| EX: in group, close allies
83
Stereotypes can lead to _______ of certain groups of individuals
Expectations
84
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
stereotypes can lead to expectations of certain groups, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype
85
Stereotype Threat
refers to the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group
