Social Interaction

Question 1

Statuses

Answer 1

positions in society that are used to classify individuals

Question 2

Types of Statuses & their meanings

Answer 2

Ascribed - given involuntarily, based on race, ethnicity, gender, family background, etc.
Achieved - gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices
Master - status by which one is most identified

Question 3

Role

Answer 3

set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status

Question 4

Role Performance

Answer 4

carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role

Question 5

Role

Answer 5

The person with whom one is interacting

Question 6

Role Conflict

Answer 6

difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of MULTIPLE ROLES

Question 7

Role Strain

Answer 7

difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the SAME role

Question 8

Role Exit

Answer 8

dropping of one identity for another

Question 9

As group size increases, the group trades ____ for ___

Answer 9

intimacy, stability

Question 10

Social Group

Answer 10

two or more people sharing similar characteristics and a sense of unity
- NOT a group of ppl waiting at bus stop

Question 11

Primary Group

Answer 11

Direct interactions with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members

Question 12

Secondary Group

Answer 12

Superficial interactions with few emotional bonds

Question 13

Ferdinand Tonnies theory name

Answer 13

Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (translates to community and society)

Question 14

Gemeinschaften (community)

Answer 14

groups united by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography
EX: families and neighborhoods

Question 15

GeSellschaften (Society)

Answer 15

groups formed because of mutual self-interests working together toward the same goal
Ex: companies and countries

Question 16

Interaction process analysis

Answer 16

technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups

Question 17

System of Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)

Answer 17

based on the belief that there are 3 dimensions of interaction:

1. Dominance vs Submission
2. Friendliness vs Unfriendliness
3. Instrumentally Controlled vs Emotionally Expressive

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

occurs when members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group, while ignoring outside ideas

• groups do not explore all sides of an issue
• group members may self censor by not expressing thier beliefs

Question 19

Network Redundancy

Answer 19

Overlapping connections with the same individual

Question 20

Immediate Networks

Answer 20

dense with strong ties

- may be composed of friends

Question 21

Distant Networks

Answer 21

looser and contain weaker ties

- may include acquaintances

Question 22

Organizations

Answer 22

entities that are set up to achieve goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture

• continue despite the loss of a member
• have expressed goals (recorded in written format)
• enforcement procedures seeking to control activities of members
• hierarchical allotment of roles or duties

Question 23

Characteristic Institution

Answer 23

Most basic organization

- bureaucracy (trace & commerce)

Question 24

Bureaucracy

Answer 24

rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control

Question 25

What are the 6 characteristics of a bureaucracy?

Answer 25

1. paid, non-elected officials on fixed salary
2. officials provided rights & privileges as result of making their career out of holding office
3. regular salary increases, seniority rights, & promotions upon passing exams
4. officials who have advanced degree or training
5. responsibilities, obligations, privileges, and work procedures rigidly defined by the organization
6. responsibility for meeting demands of one’s position

Question 26

Iron Lew of Oligarchy

Answer 26

states that democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being rules by an elite group, due to a # of factions

Question 27

McDonaldization

Answer 27

refers to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies

Question 28

Self Presentation

Answer 28

process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors

• people use specific strategies to shape what other’s think of them
• often used interchangeably with Impression Management

Question 29

Basic Model of Emotional Expression

Answer 29

• first established by Charles Darwin
• stated that emotional expression involves facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes
• c/w theory of evolution; similar across cultures

Question 30

Appraisal Model

Answer 30

accepts that there are biological predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, BUT there is a COGNITIVE antecedent to emotional expression

Question 31

Social Construction Model

Answer 31

• there is NO biological basis for emotions
• emotions are based on experiences and situational context alone
• certain emotions only exit within social encounters and that emotions are expressed differently across cultures
• one must be familiar with social norms for a certain emotion to perform the corresponding emotional behaviors in a given social situation

Question 32

Display Rules

Answer 32

Cultural expectations of emotions

Question 33

How can emotional expressions be managed?

Answer 33

1. stimulating feelings one does not actually feel
2. qualifying, amplifying, or deamplifying feelings
3. masking an emotion with another
4. neutralizing any emotional expression whatsoever

Question 34

Cultural Syndrome

Answer 34

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme

• influences the rules for expressing or suppressing emotions
• can even influence the ways emotions are experienced

Question 35

Impression Management

Answer 35

refers to our attempts to influence how others perceive us

Question 36

Theorists describe 3 “Selves”. What are they?

Answer 36

1. authentic self - who the person ACTUALLY IS (+ & -)
2. ideal self - who we would LIKE to be under optimal circumstances
3. Tactical self - who we MARKEY ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us (sim. to ought self)

Question 37

What are some impression management strategies?

Answer 37

1. Self- Disclosure (giving info about oneself to establish an identity)
2. Managing Appearances (using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a + image)
3. Ingratiation (using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over)
4. Aligning Actions (making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses)
5. Alter-casting (imposing an identity onto another person)

Question 38

Erving Goffman described impression management through____?

Answer 38

Dramaturgical Approach - using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations.
Front stage - where the actor is in front of the audience and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order to conform to the image he wants others to see.
Back stage - where the actor is NOT being observed by an audience and is free to act in ways that may be congruent with his desired public images without having to worry about ruining his performance

Question 39

Theory of self - George Mead

Answer 39

Built on the “I” and the “me” work by James.
- Me is the part of self that is a response to the environment (ex: going to school and studying hard - societal expectation)
I is the creative expression of the individual (ex: deciding that studying may not be the only path toward a goal - choosing to find alternative approaches)

Question 40

Communication

Answer 40

ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behavior
- foundation of social interaction

Question 41

Effective communication occurs when?

Answer 41

the desired message is received by the recipient