Social Support and Hardiness Flashcards
SOCIAL SUPPORT
aid provided by members of one’s social networks
HARDINESS
a disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control; allegedly associated with strong stress resistance
OPTIMISM
a general tendency to expect good outcomes
active-oriented, problem-focused, planned coping, seek social support
COPING
active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
COPING RESPONSES MAY BE:
i. healthy (e.g. actively trying to solve a problem by asking for help or generating solutions)
ii. unhealthy (e.g. ignoring problem, indulging in alcohol/drugs, excessive eating)
NEGATIVE/DESTRUCTIVE COPING:
- giving up prematurely
- acting aggressively
- indulging oneself/blaming oneself
- procrastination
POSITIVE/CONSTRUCTIVE COPING:
- problem-focused (when the situation is controllable)
- emotion-focused (when the situation is uncontrollable)
GIVING UP
learned helplessness; passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
creates passive reaction
giving up could be adaptive (e.g. when goals are truly unattainable)
ACTING AGGRESSIVELY
behavior intended to hurt someone (physically or verbally)
FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
aggression is always due to frustration
people often act out toward others who had nothing to do with their frustration
FREUD
aggressive acts release emotional tension in a process called catharsis
research finds that acting aggressively produced more (not less) anger/aggression
DISPLACEMENT
the transfer of negative emotion from one person/thing to an unrelated person/thing
INDULGING ONESELF
stress sometimes lead to poor impulse control or self-indulgence
when things are going poorly in one area, people tend to seek gratification elsewhere
(e.g. excessive eating, drinking, shopping, gambling, etc.)
SELF-BLAME
a tendency to engage in negative self-talk in response to stress
ELLIS: SELF-BLAME
self-blame is associated with catastrophic thinking rooted in irrational assumptions
WHY DO STUDENTS PROCRASTINATE?
- desire to minimize time on a task
- desire to optimize efficiency
- close proximity to reward
- students often get rewarded for procrastination
HEALTH COSTS OF PROCRASTINATION
procrastinators tend to experience more anxiety + health problems
procrastinators turned their paper in later than non-procrastinators and obtained lower grades on those papers
early in the semester, procrastinators reported fewer stress-related symptoms
later in the semester, procrastinators were reporting more symptoms
CONSTRUCTIVE COPING
refers to efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful
CONSTRUCTIVE COPING INVOLVED
- Realistic appraisals of stress and coping resources (appraisal-focused)
- Confronting problems directly (problem focused)
- Learning to recognize/manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress (emotion-focused)
