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Animal Farm- Leila Fassa > Social studies midterm > Flashcards

Social studies midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Boomtowns

A

Rapidly growing communities that

appeared at the site of mineral strikes

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2
Q

Placer mining

A

Early prospectors would extract shallow deposits of ore, using simple tools like picks, shovels,
and pans.

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3
Q

Sluice mining

A

Redirected the current of a river into

trenches, or drains with a screen at the end that kept minerals from escaping with the water and sediment

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4
Q

Hydraulic mining

A

Spraying water at high pressure to

wash away dirt, gravel, and rock to process minerals.

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5
Q

Haciendas

A

Huge ranches covering thousands of acres that developed after the Spanish mission

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6
Q

Barrios

A

Spanish-speaking neighborhoods that helped keep the Hispanic culture and religious traditions alive.

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7
Q

Homestead

A

A tract of public land

available for settlement

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8
Q

Dry farming

A

Planting seeds deep in the ground where there was enough moisture for them to grow

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9
Q

Wheat Belt

A

Productive farm area that

began at the eastern edge of Great Plains.

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10
Q

Bonanza farms

A

Often brought their owners big profits.

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11
Q

Nomad

A

A person who continually
moves from place to place, usually
in search of food

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12
Q

Gross national product (GNP)

A

The total value of all goods and services a country produces in a year.

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13
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Began the first modern research laboratory, resulting in many new inventions, including the lightbulb, the battery, the motion picture, and the record player.

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14
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

Transmitted sound via an electric current, ultimately inventing the telephone.

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15
Q

Entrepreneurs

A

People who risk their money in organizing and running a business, believed they could make money in manufacturing and transportation.

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16
Q

Laissez-faire

A

The belief that the government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace.

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17
Q

Corporation

A

An organization owned by many people but treated

by law as though it were a single person.

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18
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

Founder of a steel company in
Pittsburgh who used vertical integration to set up
his business.

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19
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

Founder of a steel company in
Pittsburgh who used vertical integration to set up
his business.

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20
Q

Vertical integration

A

owns all of the different businesses on which it depends for operation.

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21
Q

John D. Rockefeller

A

Operated Standard Oil; used

horizontal integration to run his business.

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22
Q

Horizontal integration

A

Combining many firms
engaged in the same type of business into one
large corporation.

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23
Q

Monopoly

A

When a single company achieves

control of an entire market.

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24
Q

J.P. Morgan

A

Specialized in helping sell large blocks of stock to

investment bankers.

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25
Q

N.W. Ayer and Son

A

The first advertising company that used large illustrated ads to try to attract customers

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26
Q

Deflation

A

A rise in the value of money due to a decline in the amount of money
available, which caused prices to fall and increased the buying power of money.

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27
Q

Lockouts

A

A technique for breaking a
union through which the company
refused to allow

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28
Q

Angel Island

A

Location of barracks in
California to accommodate
immigrants from Asia.

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29
Q

Nativism

A

Extreme dislike of immigrants and/or foreigners by native-born people.

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30
Q

Tenements

A

Multifamily apartments, usually dark,
crowded, and barely meeting
minimum living standards.

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31
Q

Individualism

A

The idea that individuals could rise in society and go as far as their talents and commitment would take them.

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32
Q

Social Darwinism

A

The application of theory of evolution and natural
selection to human society; society progressed through competition
and only the fittest people survived.

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33
Q

Realism

A

A movement in art and literature
that tried to portray the world realistically; artists and writers who tried to capture the world as they saw it were known as realists.

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34
Q

Populism

A

A movement to increase the political power of farmers.

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35
Q

Cooperatives

A

Marketing organizations that worked for the benefit of their members (Example: a store where farmers buy products from each other)

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36
Q

Sharecroppers

A

Landless farmers who gave their landlords a large portion of their crops as rent.

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37
Q

Grandfather Clause

A

Allowed any man to vote is

he had an ancestor who could vote in 1867.

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38
Q

Segregation

A

The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group.

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39
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

Statutes enacted to enforce segregation.

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40
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 
Homer Plessy - Challenged a
Louisiana law that forced him to
ride in a separate railroad car
from whites.
◆ Established the legal basis for
discrimination in the South.
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41
Q

Imperialism

A

The economic and political domination of a strong nation over
weaker nations.

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42
Q

Protectorate

A

A country that is technically independent but is

actually under the control of another country.

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43
Q

Anglo-Saxonism

A

The idea that English-speaking nations were superior to other nations

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44
Q

Pan-Americanism

A

The idea that Latin American and

U.S. should work together.

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45
Q

Yellow journalism

A

A type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of
attracting readers; in this case, sensationalized stories about Spanish atrocities.

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46
Q

Jingoism

A

Extreme nationalism marked

by aggressive foreign policy.

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47
Q

“Rough Riders”

A

A U.S. volunteer cavalry unit that was a mix of cowboys, miners, and law officers.

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48
Q

Treaty of Paris of 1898:

A

○ Cuba gained independence.
○ U.S. received Guam and Puerto Rico.
○ U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines

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49
Q

Open Door Policy

A

A policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence.

50
Q

Progressivism

A

A collection of different ideas and activities with a specific set of goals that was partly a reaction against laissez-faire economics.

51
Q

17th Amendment

A

Passed in 1913, provides for

the direct election of Senators by the people.

52
Q

18th Amendment

A

Passed in 1919, established

the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

53
Q

19th Amendment

A

Passed in 1920, gave women

the right to vote.

54
Q

Suffrage

A

The right to vote

55
Q

Socialism

A

The idea that the government should own and operate industry

56
Q

Militarism

A

The strong buildup of
armed forces to intimidate and
threaten other nations.

57
Q

Nationalism

A

Loyalty and devotion to a nation

58
Q

Propaganda

A

The spreading of ideas about an institution or individual for the
purpose of influencing opinion.

59
Q

Victory Gardens -

A

A garden planted by civilians

during war to raise vegetables for home use, leaving more of the other foods for the troops.

60
Q

Draft

A

To select a person at random for mandatory military service.

61
Q

General Strike

A

A strike involving all the workers in

a particular geographic location

62
Q

Radicalism

A

The belief that society needs to be

changed through extreme action

63
Q

Stock Market

A

A system for buying and selling stocks in corporations

64
Q

Bull market

A

Sometimes the stock market has a long period of rising stock prices

65
Q

Speculation

A

Buyers engaged in speculation, the act of buying stocks at great risk with the anticipation that the prices will rise.

66
Q

Margin

A

Many investors bought stocks on margin, buying a stock by paying only a fraction of the stock price and borrowing the rest.

67
Q

Margin Call

A

To protect a loan, a broker could issue a margin call, demanding the investor repay the loan at once

68
Q

Bank Run

A

Persistent and heavy demands by a bank’s depositors, creditors, or customers to withdraw money.

69
Q

The Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A

Meant to protect American businesses, caused fewer American goods to be sold overseas.

70
Q

Bailiffs

A

Ejected anyone and their belongings that could not pay their rent or mortgage

71
Q

Hoovervilles

A

People called these shantytowns Hoovervilles, after the president they blamed for their plight

72
Q

Hoboes

A

Many homeless people began walking, hitchhiking, or, most often, “riding the rails” across the country.

73
Q

Dust Bowl

A

Much of the Great Plains were extensively deep-plowed making the topsoil susceptible to rapid erosion. In the 1920s, crop prices began to drop causing many farmers to leave their fields uncultivated. In the early 30s, a severe drought hit and with nothing anchoring the soil or retaining moisture, the
soil turned to dust. Winds blew the dust aloft, blackening the sky for
hundreds of miles. Humans and animals caught outside sometimes died of suffocation.

74
Q

“Okies”

A

Farmers who lost their land and travelled to California to look for work.

75
Q

Soap Operas

A

The sponsors were often makers of laundry soaps, so these shows were nicknamed

76
Q

Public works

A

Government-financed building projects, suchas highways, parks, and libraries built with public funds for public use

77
Q

Isolationism

A

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

78
Q

Mass Production

A

The production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line

79
Q

Anarchists

A

A person who believes there should be no government

80
Q

Evolution

A

The scientific theory that humans and other forms of life have evolved over time

81
Q

Mass Media

A

A medium of communication (such as television and radio) intended to reach a wide audience

82
Q

Jazz

A

American style of music that developed from ragtime and blues and that uses syncopated rhythms and improvisation

83
Q

Blues`

A

Style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound

84
Q

The Dawes Act

A

Divided reservations land into allotments for farming and ranching

85
Q

Great Plains

A

A large region of open grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

86
Q

Strikebreakers

A

When a union called a strike, employers would often hire replacements, called strikebreakers.

87
Q

Robber Barons

A

Some railroad entrepreneurs were corrupt and accusations of such people included
bribing officials, swindling taxpayers, and cheating contracts.

88
Q

Unions

A

A club, society, or association formed by people with a common interest or purpose.

89
Q

The Red Scare

A

The Red Scare was a nationwide panic that arose from the fear that Communists might seize power in the US.

90
Q

World War l

A

Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism

91
Q

Bonds

A

Notes issued by the government that promises to pay off a loan with interest.

92
Q

Argonne Forest

A

A massive US attack near the Argonne Forest, led by French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, pushed back the Germans.

93
Q

Black Tuesday

A

October 29, 1929. On this date, share prices on the New York Stock Exchange completely collapsed, becoming a pivotal factor in the emergence of the Great Depression.

94
Q

Emergency Relief and Construction Act

A

It created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which released funds for public works projects across the country.

95
Q

Great Depression

A

The worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.

96
Q

National Credit Corporation

A

An organization created in 1931 in the United States by President Herbert Hoover’s administration to try to stop bank failure stemming from the Great Depression

97
Q

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A

Provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses

98
Q

Ellis Island

A

Immigrant inspection station in New York for mostly Europeans

99
Q

Panama Canal

A

A constructed waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama

100
Q

Herbert Hoover

A

Was president during the Great Depression and was blamed for it because the stock market was doing well before he was elected and he didn’t want to get involved in the Great Depression.

101
Q

Installment

A

A sum of money due as one of several equal payments for something spread over an agreed period of time.

102
Q

Interest Rates

A

The proportion of a loan that is charged as interest to the borrower typically expressed as an annual percentage of the loan outstanding.

103
Q

Bonus Army

A

A group gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates

104
Q

Overproduction

A

The production of more of a product, commodity, or substance than is wanted or needed

105
Q

Race Riots

A

A public outbreak of violence between two racial groups in a community over jobs

106
Q

Quartz Mining

A

The mining of gold on veins or ore bodies in place as distinguished from surface digging or washing : underground mining in rock

107
Q

Recession

A

A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters.

108
Q

Shanty Towns

A

A usually poor town or section of a town consisting mostly of shanties.

109
Q

Soup Kitchens

A

A place where free food is served to those who are homeless or destitute.

110
Q

Threshing Machines

A

Machine for separating grain from plants.

111
Q

Why did the army encourage the killing of buffalo?

A

To deny Native Americans an important source of food

112
Q

Why did the government offer each railroad company builds a transcontinental railroad along its right-of-way?

A

They could produce goods more cheaply and efficiently

113
Q

In the late 1800s, why did many rural Americans move to big cities?

A

In search of better paying jobs

114
Q

Economic and military competition from which location helped to convince many Americans that the United States should become a world power?

A

Europe

115
Q

What event set off the first declaration of war in World War l?

A

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

116
Q

What were the main causes of world war l?

A

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism

117
Q

What new forms of warfare were introduced during world war l?

A

Aerial combat and gas attacks

118
Q

What kinds of art and popular culture arose during the 1930s

A

Soap operas, movies, radios, Literature

119
Q

What were the main causes of the Great Depression?

A

Low-interest rates, overproduction, uneven distribution of wealth, high tariffs, falling demand, stock market speculation

120
Q

What effects did the Great Depression have on farmers and what was their response?

A

Farmers across the country lost their farms as banks foreclosed on mortgages

Animal Farm- Leila Fassa (3 decks)

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