Social Studies Flashcards by Maxee Ramos

Major changes that create a trend

Innovation

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Considered the oldest form of writing in the Philippines

Alibata

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The best indicator of “quality education” as invoked in the Constitution? Generation of reliable measurements __________

of educational outcomes

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Copernicus’ booke “de Revolutionibus” proposed the thesis

The earth revolves around the sun

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In Sociology, we develop our capacity to attain __________ wisdom through knowledge-based research

Empirical

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During the Marcos regime, what shift in the form of government was made that introduced the new positions of a prime minister and a single legislative body of assemblymen?

Parliamentary

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Mahatma Ghandi is to ___________ and Mohammed Ali is to __________

India and North America

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The main item product during the early galleon trade

Chinese silk

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The agreement forged in Bohol between Legazpi and Sikatuna

Sanduguan/ Blood Compact (Seal of Friendship)

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Learning about the problems and issues which cut across national boundaries and about the interconnectedness of systems

Environmental Education

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Term best describes a peaceful community

Harmony

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Irrational fear of closed spaces

Claustrophobia

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Among social trends, it very difficult to overcome psychologically

Bias

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What method of thinking-and-learning draws from the general qualities of knowledge TO particular knowledge?

Deduction

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Modern city in North Africa

Cairo

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A constitutional safeguard that the executive can turn down legislative measures and Congress can move to remove the President

Check-and-balance

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Benito Mussolini is to ____________ and Winston Churchill is to ___________

Italy and England

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In 1972, the tobacco monopoly was established and there was massive cultivation of tobacco EXCEPT in this province

Batangas

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The early civilization set great a educational goal to develop the individual man–to think and act

Greece

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What social trend easily passes?

Fad

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When does change become an issue?

When it creates disagreement

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In what situation do we insist on belonging to a group thus resisting the risk of being different?

Conformism

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Baghdad is to Iraq and __________ is to Syria

Damascus

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What do you call the diagrams of kinship relations and maps to show how the people are in communities are related to one another?

Genealogies

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Which privilege gives any person in the Philippines to be bodily presented in court for charges of a crime for which he has right of counsel and trial?

writ of habeas corpus

The chancellor of Prussia who successfully united Germany and made it a republic

Otto von Bismark

An eye defect characterized by clear vision in one dimension but unfocused vision on the other

astigmatism

Violation of human rights is a violation of the __________ of persons

dignity

Which of the following is the ultimate purpose of Human Rights Education?

understand and change conditions which give rise to human rights violation

During the 17th-18th century Hispanic era, what was the highest post a native or Chinese mestizo can attain at the municipal level, equivalent to local bureaucrats namely the mayors today?

Gobernadorcillo

The east-west __________ line encircles the earth and divides it into two equal parts or hemispheres.

equator

To prevent ethnocentrism, anthropologists and sociologists advocate cross-cultural understanding through a concept

cultural relativism

Which country gave the Philippines the first recognition as an independent republic that was formally inaugurated during World War II?

Japan

Christians engaged Muslims during the __________ in order to win back the Holy Land to Christendom.

Crusade

The ASEAN National Qualification Framework shall be implemented by the member countries in what year?

2015

As young people mature, society expects them to develop competencies and asume social roles in a conventional manner.

cultural demands

Which law set a full-free trade policy abolishing the quota limitation of the Philippine exports to United States in 1913?

Underwood-Simmons Act

It is the study of man’s prehistory through the buried remains of ancient culture, skeletal remnants of human beings.

Archeology

While credit card can boost consumer buying, what is the danger to consumers?

Debt with high interest payment

What country gives the highest salary for teachers?

Singapore

The founder of the theory of psychology called psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

The process of drawing conclusions FROM general truth or principle TO a particular or specific conclusion

deductive method

In 1952 the organization of the __________ marked a milestone in the development of Philippine sociology.

Philippine Sociological Society

The procedural and substantive right of citizens to a fair trial which requires in general, among others, jurisdiction, notice, and hearing. There is violation of __________ in cases of extra-judicial killings.

due process of law

The systematic explanation of observed phenomena drawn from social manifestation or patterns in social life is __________.

theory

As a science of humanity and its society, __________ seeks to present an integrated picture of man

Anthropology

Among the fields of anthropology, what branch studies the evolution of man and biological diversity within the species?

Biological anthropology

What pattern of behavior is obtained through direct experience, observation, and testing?

Empiricism

Who coined the term "sociological imagination" to underscore the relationship between what is happening in people's personal lives and the social forces that surround them?

Wright Mills

Clusters of stable rules known as social __________ govern social activities and practices based on similar principles displaying regularity

Institutions

What type of culture has the desire of government for all citizens to obey all laws?

Ideal culture

The type of culture that all citizens actually follow all laws

Real culture

Type of culture in which practices are approved by the society (socially acceptable)

Conventional culture

The culture that has emerged, or is emerging, from the use of computer networks for communication, entertainment, and business (emerging in the digital age)

Virtual culture

What particular event awakened national awareness of human indignity during the 1980s prior to the EDSA Revolution?

Slay of Ninoy Aquino

What was founded by six nations in 1967 for partnership in regional development?

ASEAN

Asian senator statesman who removed drugs, unemployment, and dirt waste from his city-state?

Lee Kuan Yew

What marked the People Empowerment in 1986?

EDSA Revolution

Given issues of election cheating, psychologists see Philippine politics as intrinsically known to be __________.

personal

The winner in the Philippine national presidential election is determined by __________ votes, while that of the US by __________ votes.

popular : electoral college votes

Senator Hillary Clinton lost the 2016 presidential elections because of losing __________ votes.

electoral college (States elect the president and the vice president)

Private sector groups for national advocacies

civil society

Human right is a __________ power, not a physical power.

Moral

Rights that cannot be renounced or transferred because they are necessary for the fulfillment of man's primordial obligations

Inalienable rights

What type of right does the right to life fall?

Inalienable rights

Rights cannot be unduly trampled upon or suppressed without moral guilt because they are __________.

Inviolable

The human rights that libel (damaging a person's reputation) violates

Right to one's honor

Work without compensation to 16-60 year old males

Forced labor (polo y servicio)

The right to marry is an example of __________ right.

alienable

__________ approaches enable all learners in the class to take part in learning opportunities.

Inclusive teaching

__________ approaches enable all learners in the class to take part in learning opportunities.

Inclusive teaching

Essential in preparing the learners for the future

Independent thinking & creativity and innovation

The __________ administration advances federalism in order to strengthen regional autonomy and local governance.

Duterte

Various facets of partnership for regional development that were adopted by ASEAN

Economic, social, and cultural

The system that contributed to greater efficiency and success of recent national elections

Computerization

Among ASEAN nations, what country has a political system closest to that of the US?

Philippines

What type of research can be better to ensure relevance in planning the development of communities?

Needs Analysis

What economic policy in China propelled it to become the SECOND industrialized nation in the world today?

Socialist capitalism

This program in spatial inclusivity can limit the population to widen the habitation space for people.

Planned parenthood

In terms of funding resources, what can the federal system contribute to eliminating extreme poverty?

Decentralization

The 1987 Constitution protects the unborn and prohibits __________.

Induced abortion

Procedure in which an instrument is used to vacuum or evacuate the fetus

Induced abortion

Drugs are used to terminate the fetus

Medical abortion

A broadly encompassing change in __________ is involved by combatting climate change through lesser use of electricity, air-conditioning, garbage burning

lifestyle

China's aggressive global commerce has created __________ tension in trade and commerce, especially for the incoming Trump US administration.

economic

From a global viewpoint, North Korea's aggressive militarization and nuclear posturing is a threat to __________.

world peace

What incidence of global threat arises from suspicion, rather than concrete evidence?

Iran's nuclear arms

The religious divide within Islam that causes a conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran

Shiites against Sunnis

A group of Muslims who believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr

Sunnis

A group of Muslims who believed that Muhammad's successor should be Ali

Shiites (Shia)

Methodology used for research on political and social issues by pollsters

Survey

What initiative can make the Philippine government system closer to the federal system of the US?

Charter Change

What is the basis in the 1987 Constitution for prohibiting teaching religion in public schools?

Separation of church and state

An approach that is the needed response to extreme poverty in the world.

Multi-dimensional

Does not compromise a real security alliance

US - APEC cooperation

The setting up of __________ is a key issue facing Israel and Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.

State of Palestine

This type of government can grant full autonomy to the regions in the Philippines.

Federalism

What factors/conditions would result to inclusive development in the Philippines?

Foreign direct investments for job creation

Facets of __________ personality of people may explain the paradox that the Philippines is rated by Transparency International as one of the most corrupt countries in Asia, and yes 80% of its population profess the Catholic religion.

cultural

Among industrialized countries, which is the biggest remitted of CO2 (by 31%) that causes global warming of the globe?

Chine

Providing long-term food aid to poor countries is disadvantageous due to the negative effect of __________.

dependence

Created in 2008 was a new legal framework for Southeast Asian nations

ASEAN Charter

Among early Greek philosophers, __________, introduced empirical knowledge by the use of observation to explain universal truths.

Aristotle

What method of thinking-and-learning draws FROM the general qualities of knowledge TO particular or specific knowledge?

Deduction (from general to specific)

In which situation do we insist on belonging to a group thus resisting the risk of being different?

Confirmism

Not related to the ethical conduct in research

Limitation in research scope

The systematic explanation of observed phenomena drawn from social manifestation or patterns in social life

Theory

Scientific inquiries conducted on social change over a period of time

Trend studies

Concentration in thinking which leads to a constant, unbroken line of thought leads to __________.

focus

The type of evaluation which examines outcome and comes up with a synthesis that determines the overall impact and relative costs of an activity or program

Summative evaluation

What method of thinking-and-learning draws the general qualities of a person FROM particular traits?

Inductive (from specific to general)

Deliberate deception by way of __________ fallacy is used by advertisers who make claim to unfounded consumption by thousands or millions of a product

bandwagon

Generalizing extreme perceptions about people, places, and ideas

Stereotyping

Freedom of thought is opposed to __________

Compulsion

The basic human activity in research

Inquiring

Fundamental ideas that distinguish Social Science from other ways of explaining social events

data, theory, analysis

Religious male priest in Tausug

Imam

Announcer of the regulation in the Barangay

Umalohokan

Sulu Sultanate

Founded by Abu Bakr

Religious female priest in Tausug

Babaylan/ Balian/ Katalonan

Power of an individual or an agency to purchase or own private land for public or commercial use, but with just compensation

Power of Eminent Domain

General welfare, safe and security of the public

Police Power

Charge of burden (for the government)

Power of Taxation

Branch of the government that implements and executes the laws

Executive (President, Vice President, Cabinet members)

"Setting aside" of the President

Veto power

Lawmakers and alters when needed

Legislative (24 Senators, 250 House of Representatives, Congress, Upper House & Lower House)

Interprets the laws

Judicial (15 members)

Head of Judicial

Chief Justice

Filed by at least one-third of all the Members of the House Representatives. When grounds for impeachment is reached, the Senate shall forthwith proceed.

Trial of Impeachment

The 23rd chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, who was impeached on December 12, 2011

Renato Corona

Who initiates the impeachment?

House of Representatives

First President during the Commonwealth period

Manuel L. Quezon

Established the process for the Philippines, then an American territory, to become an independent country after a ten-year transition period.

Tydings–McDuffie Law (Philippine Independence Act)

Ama ng Wikang Pambansa

Manuel L. Quezon

First president of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

Malolos Constitution

Emilio Aguinaldo

A policy first introduced and implemented by the administration of then President Carlos P. Garcia

Pilipino Muna Policy (Filipino First)

This policy is therefore designed to regain economic independence. It is a national effort to the end that Filipinos obtain major and dominant participation in their own national economy.

Pilipino Muna Policy (Filipino First)

Who were the first ones to be baptized in the Philippines?

Raja Humabon & Queen Juana

First hero in the Philippines

Lapu-lapu

Last Raja of Manila

Raja Soliman

Traitors of Raja Soliman

Martin de Goiti & Juan de Salcedo

Resettlement of Cabeceras (Force eviction)

Reduccion

Highest position (President) of the Royal Audencia (Supreme Court), Commander-in-chief of the Army & Navy

Governor-General

Holds the legislative branch; royal decree

King of Spain

The revolutionary newspaper that spread to stir up Filipino sentiment in rebellion against the Spanish

La Independencia

Founder of La Independencia

Antonio Luna

Newspaper of the Katipunan

Ang Kalayaan

Founder of Ang Kalayaan

Emilio Jacinto

Brains of the Katipunan

Emilio Jacinto

Mother of Balintawak & Katipunan Movement

Melchora Aquino

Two types of Authority

Sacred and Secular

Individuals who possess a wholesome or mysterious power, i.e. priests, nuns, pastors

Sacred Authority

Individuals who are experts in their chosen field, i.e. teachers, mechanics, doctors

Secular Authority

Branch of Science that is concerned with the origin and development of human society

Social Science

Father of Communism

Karl Marx

Largest and most populous continent

Asia

World's highest plateau

The Tibetan Plateau

World's largest sand sea, AKA Empty Quarter

Rub' al Khali Desert

Deepest and oldest lake and the largest reservoir in the world, AKA Galápagos of Russia

Lake Baikal

Longest river in Asia and 3rd longest river in the world, AKA the lifeblood of China

Yangtze river

Largest bay and tropical marine ecosystem in the world

Bay of Bengal

The Mother of Gardens

China

3 major habitats of Asia

Freshwater, marine, terrestrial

Habitats dominated by the physical properties of freshwater. There are 8 habitats of this in Asia

Freshwater habitats

Habitats that are home to a host of different species ranging from planktonic organisms to large marine mammals. Asia has 4 of these habitats

Marine habitats

Habitats that contain only land, within Asia there are 21 of these habitats

Terrestrial habitats

A wetland area that forms at the delta of rivers, it is forested by palm trees and swamp grasses

Sundarbans

Most renewable electricity produced

Bhutan (99.9% hydropower)

Largest watershed in Asia

Ob River

Largest urban area in Asia

Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan

Published "Descent of Man" in 1871

Charles Darwin

Oldest fossil (6-7MYA)

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Last common ancestors shared by apes and humans

Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Orrorin tugenensis

Great apes

Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees

A bony piece on the top of the skull where the jaw muscles attach

Sagittal crest

Crossroads of the World

The Middle East (rendezvous of Africa, Asia, and Europe)

First to have European traders come in

Ming Dynasty

Last to rule as dynasty

Qing Dynasty

Ethnic group for most Japanese

Yamato

Warrior class of Japan

Shogun, Diamyos, Samurai, Ronin

Father of Social Justice

Manuel Quezon

Economic term for all other things being constant/ unchanging

Ceteris Paribus

Direction of shift if there is an increase in supply but the price remained as is

Shift to the right

Direction of shift if there is a decrease in supply but the price remained as is

Shift to the left

It ended the Spanish-American War on December 10, 1898, when Spain renounced all claims to Cuba, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the US, and transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to the US for $20M.

Treaty of Paris

Ordered the wealth to stop spending lavishly in his policy of Austerity

Carlos P. Garcia

Lakambini of the Katipunan

Gregoria de Jesus

The GovGen of the PH who implemented tobacco monopoly to become the Philipines Center of Economic Activities in Asia

Jose Basco

"To the Honorable Man, his word is sacred", one of the Katipunan Codes of Conduct written by

Emilio Jacinto

Filipino political philosopher and architect of the Philippine revolution. He formulated the principles of a democratic popular government, endowing the historical struggles of the Filipino people with a coherent ideological orientation.

Apolinario Mabini

The Philippines' 10-year transaction period before the granting of complete independence from the Americans

Commonwealth Government

Chairman of the 1934 Constitutional Convention

Diosdado Macapagal

First appointed head of DepEd during the Commonwealth period

Sergio Osmeña

Father of social justice

Manuel Quezon

Leader of Sakdalista uprising

Benigno Ramos

Last department turned over by the Americans to be governed by a Filipino

Department of Education

The Rizal Day Celebration reminds us about heroes worth

Emulating

Article XIV, Section 6 states that this is the National language of the Philippines

Filipino

Article XIV, Section 3 states that "All educational institutions shall include the study of __________ as par of the curriculum."

Constitution

They have the power to declare the existence of the state of war

Congress

"The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels."

Free elementary and secondary education

Name of EDSA during the early part of the American occupation

19 de Junio

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos' MTPDP

Philippines 2001

Pres. Estrada's MTPDP

Angat Pinoy 2004

Reason for Philippines' claim over Sabah

The Sultan of Sulu, who received the territory as a gift, has given the Philippines Government Power to reclaim his territory

All Filipino citizens have the right to vote and be voted upon as a government official

Suffrage

Name of EDSA during the WWII

Highway 54

The first president of the Philippines when independence from America was granted

Manuel Roxas

When was the Philippines granted independence?

July 4, 1946

"This Nation will be great again"

Elpidio Quirino

The president who promised economic changes, made progress in land reform, opening new settlements outside crowded Luzon island. He died in an airplane crash on March 1957

Ramon Magsaysay

"Martial Law remained in force until 1981"

Proc. # 1081

1987 Constitution, Article XIV, Section 5 mandates the Government to give the highest budgetary to this department

Education

The chairmen of the 1972 Constitutional Convention

Garcia & Roxas

The foundation of genuine peace and reconciliation

Social justice

The appointed secretary of DSWD by Pres. Noynoy Aquino

Dinky Soliman

The first essay of Rizal

El Amor Patrio

Article 5 of the 1987 Constitution

Suffrage

The mountain that separates the continents of Asia and Europe

Ural Mountains

Former name of Vietnam

Annam

"The Yellow Race"

Hwang-Ho & Yangtze

Major rivers in China

Hwang-Ho & Yangtze

The World's biggest peninsula

Arabian Peninsula

The boot-shaped peninsula

Italy

"Isla de Pintados"

Visayas

A man's conviction is _____

their belief

Bangkok Declaration of 1967

ASEAN

Few to rule or command (upper class in society)

Oligarchy

Selected group that is superior in terms of abilities or qualities

Elitist

Full or partial political control over another country

Colonialism

Type of government where the individual is subordinate to the state, i.e. North Korea

Totalitarianism

Economic system = private ownership

Capitalism

Rule of the people; power is vested in the people

Democracy (Greek: demos kratos)

Public matter; governed by elected representatives

Republic (Latin: res publica)

Type of state of the Philippines

Democratic and Republican State

A kind of hereditary ruler is the head of the state (one ruler)

Monarchy (King/Queen)

Rule of the best, power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class (rew rulers)

Aristocracy

Absolute authority exercised by a dictator (Military rule)

Dictatorship

The head of the government is also the head of the state, leads an executive branch separate from the legislative

Presidential

Union of executive & legislative; The head of the government is from the legislature usually from the ruling party (prime minister/ chancellor)

Parliamentarism

Distribution of power between a central authority and constituent units (local to national); characterized by a union of partially self-governing states/ regions united by a central government

Federalism

Government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability

Meritocracy

Model of Governance in the Philippines

Separation of Powers (legislative, executive, judiciary)

The practice of having three legislative or parliamentary houses or chambers

Tricameralism

Co-equal branches

Check-and-balance

The government system of a country that has a parliament and a prime minister

Constitutional monarchy

When an individual in imprisoned without proper investigation

Right to due process of law

Writ of Amparo

Right to life, liberty, and security

Writ of Habeas Data

Right to information privacy

Overriding aim of the constitutional mandate on social justice

Aim of provision

Principle that states that no man in the country is above the law and laws must be obeyed by all and applied to everyone--rich or poor, lowly or powerful--without fear or favor

Rule of law

Policy that is adopted in the Constitution to assure the public of accountability and transparency

Full public disclosure

Freedom of Information; provides for government agencies to respond within 15 days inquiry relating to public information

Executive Order No. 2

Rights of a person by reason of citizenship

Civil rights

Violated on wiretapping

Right to privacy of communication

RA 4200

Anti-Wiretapping Act of 1965

Act that imposes deprivation of life without due process

Salvaging

RA 9344

Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006

RA 10630

Amended 9344 (12-15 y/o can be arrested for drug-related cases of 2016)

Can an accused avail of free legal assistance (Right to Council)

Yes, provided he is classified as a poor litigant by the court

"My right is another man's duty"

"My right to my private property requires my neighbor's duty not to trespass on the same"

"Presumption of Innocence"

A suspect remains innocent until proven guilty

All appropriations, revenues, or tariff bills shall originate exclusively from __________

House of Representatives

Ratifies to approve bill proposed by the House of Representatives

Senate

A bill becomes a law even if not signed by the President after _____ days

The act of the president to stay the execution of a convict

Reprieve

Deferment of the implementation of the sentence for an interval of time; it does not annul the sentence but only postpones

Reprieve

Refers to the reduction of the duration of a prison sentence of a prisoner

Commutation of Sentence

This body will assume jurisdiction over a losing senatorial candidate if they file a protest against the winner

Electoral Tribunal

Classification of the crime of rape

Heinous

Article 1 of the 1987 Constitution

National Territory

The authority that is supposed to be supreme over the military

Civilian

Article 2 of the 1987 Constitution

Declaration of Principles and State Policies Principles

Minimum age of a Senator

35 years old

A person can be a Senator unless he is a resident of the Philippines for not less than _____ years

Minimum age of a member of the HoR

25 years old

Maximum year in a term of a member of the HoR

3 years

No member of the HoR shall serve for more than _____ consecutive terms

Article VI, Section 26, #2: No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed _____ readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to its members three days before its passage

Spiritual leader in Kapampangan

Katalona

Spiritual leader in Visayas

Babaylan

First monetary system of the country

Piloncitos

Burial practice of a woman's mourning during death

Morotal

Burial practice of a man's mourning during death

Maglahi

Burial practice of a chieftain's mourning during death

Laraw

Eight major languages in the Philippines

Hiligaynon, Maguindanao, Ilocano, Sugbuhanon, Kapampangan, Samarnon, Tagalog, Pangasinan

A Venetian traveler who became a government official during the Yuan Dynasty. He was able to discover the astrolabe

Marco Polo

A device used to determine distance from the equator

Astrolabe

Five ships of Magellan's expedition

Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, Victoria (TSCSV)

Main ship of Magellan's expedition

Trinidad

Smallest ship of Magellan's expedition

Santiago

Only ship of Magellan's expedition that returned to Spain

Victoria

Place where Magellan first landed

Homonhon, Samar

Malay slave who interpreted the language for Magellan

Enrique

Place where the first mass in the Philippines was held

Limasawa

Spanish expeditions in order

Magellan > Loaisa > Cabot > Saavedra > Villalobos > Legazpi (MaLoCaSaViPi)

Name given to Cebu in honor of the Sto. Niño. It was the first Spanish town established in the country, now known as Cebu City

Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus

Legazpi's chief pilot

Urdaneta

Date of when Miguel López de Legazpi became the first Governor-General

June 3, 1571

Date of when Miguel López de Legazpi declared Manila as a new capital of the Spanish colony in the Far East (Spanish East Indies)

June 24, 1571

Title of Manila that would serve as the Spaniards' symbolic and powerful capital in Asia

Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España (Spain's Manila)

Overseer of Spanish Colonies

Ministry of Colonies

Pacified zones lead by Alcalde Mayor

Alcaldes

Unpacified zones lead by the Ayuntamiento (Municipal council)

Corrigimientos

Real Audencia

Supreme Court

Cabeza de Barangay

Head of Barrio Government

Tributo/buwis

Direct tax

Bandala

Indirect tax

Tax to crush Moro raids

Samboangan

Replaced tribute/ Paid by anyone above 18 years old

Cedula Personal

Money paid to be exempted from polo

Falla

Special privilege for the Alcalde Mayor to engage in trade

Indulto de Comercio

A grant of Spanish authority to a Spaniard to exercise control over a piece of land and its inhabitants

Encomienda

Monopoly of Tobacco establishment

Governor-General Jose Basco

Only railway line in the country that connects Manila to Dagupan

Ferrocaril de Manila

First suspension bridge in the Far East

Puente Colgante

First college for boys

Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio

Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario

Present-day UST

Escuela Pia

Present-day ADMU

Oldest college in the Philippines

Colegio de San Juan de Letran

First school for girls

Colegios of Santa Potenciana

Gov-Gen who made Filipinos adopt Spanish Surnames in his Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos

GovGen Narciso Claveria

First published book in the Philippines

Doctrina Christiana

Prince of Filipino Pubishers

Tomas Pinpin

First museum of the Philippines

Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas

Father of Filipino Painters

Damian Domingo

First Filipinos to revolt

Lapu-Lapu (Mactan) and Dagami (Cebu)

Silang revolt

Ilocos Sur

Penname of Graciano Lopez Jaena

Diego Laura

Writer of Fray Botod

Graciano Lopez Jaena

First editor of La Solidaridad

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Known as the Great Orator

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Known as the Greatest Man that the Malay race produced

Jose Rizal

Penname of Jose Rizal

Laong Laan, Dimasilang

Rizal's socio-historical novel on the situation of the Philippines under friars’ greed

Noli Me Tangere

Rizal's political novel that predicts the coming of a revolution; in this work, he implied that a peaceful revolution will work rather than an armed one

El Filibusterismo

Rizal's third but unfinished novel; written in Tagalog; has only one chapter and ten pages in it

Makamisa

Known as the Father of Philippines Journalism and the Father of Philippine Masonry

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Pennames of Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo

Creator of Diaryong Tagalog

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Writer of Dasalan at Tocsohan

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Writer of The 10 Commandments of the Friars

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Second editor of La Solidaridad

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Civic organization of Rizal in Todo, Manila

La Liga Filipina

Objectives of the Katipunan (KKK)

Political, Moral, Civic

Highest governing body in the KKK

Kataas-taasang Sangguinan

Provincial body in the KKK

Sangguinang Bayan

Municipal body in the KKK

Sangguniang Balangay

Judicial body in the KKK

Sangguinang Panghukuman

Password of the Katipon membership in the KKK

Anak ng Bayan

Password of the Kawal membership in the KKK

Gomburza

Password of the Bayani membership in the KKK

Rizal

Bible of the KKK

Kartilla

Traydor ng KKK

Teodoro Patiño

The beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish on August 23, 1896, and the end of the Filipino vassalage (loyalty) to Spain

Cry of Pugadlawin

Known as Supremo, the Great Plebeian

Andres Bonifacio

Pennames of Andres Bonifacio

Agapito Bagumbayan, May Pag-Asa

Writer of Dekalogo ng Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio

Translated Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios to Tagalog

Andres Bonifacio

Known as the Brains of the Katipunan

Emilio Jacinto

Newspaper of the KKK

Ang Kalayaan

Pennames of Emilio Jacinto

Pingkian, Dimas-Ilaw

Editor of the Kayalaan

Emilio Jacinto

Second wife of Andres Bonifacio

Gregoria de Jesus

Governor-General in office when Rizal was executed

Camilo de Polavieja

He questioned the credibility of Bonifacio as the Director of the Interior

Daniel Tirona

He led the arrest of Andres Bonifacio

Agapito Bonzon

The first republic ever declared in the Philippines

Biak-na-Bato Republic

President of the Congress, his intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Pedro Paterno

Hero of Tirad Pass, "Boy General"

Gregorio del Pilar

Traydor of Tirad Pass; he led the US troops to the location to defeat the forces of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar

Juanario Galot

First American Gov-Gen of the Philippines

Wesley Merrit

US president who recommended a Benevolent Assimilation

William McKinley

"Future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine islands were ceded to the United States"

Benevolent Assimilation

This was issued in a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War on December 21, 1898, after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War

Benevolent Assimilation

The second Gov-Gen of the Philippines, he received the orders for a Benevolent Assimilation

Elwell Otis

US imported goods have no quota and tariff, PH exported goods have no tariff but with quota

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act

Lifted the quota of PH exported goods

Simmons-Underwood Tariff Act (Revenue Act of 1913)

Changed the Philippine Legislature into the Philippines' first fully-elected body

Jones Law/ Philippine Autonomy Act

The first US law passed setting a process and a date for the Philippines to gain independence

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

Date of when the Japanese bombed Clark Air Base Field

December 7, 1941

Date of when the Japanese bombed Manila

December 9, 1941

Date of Arrival of the Japanese to Batanes and Northern Luzon

December 10, 1941

Date of when Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city

December 26, 1941

Gen. Edward King surrendered on behalf of the US Forces to Col. Nakayama

The Fall of Bataan

A fascist Filipino political party that served as the sole party of state during the Japanese occupation

The Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KaLiBaPi)

Founders of HukBaLaHap (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon)

Lius Taruc, Jesus Lava, Jose Banal

A militant group formed in the Philippines during World War II to give military aid to the Imperial Japanese Army

Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino (MaKaPili)

Date of when the Death March started

April 9, 1942

World's largest archipelago

Indonesia

World's largest lake

Caspian Sea

Known as China's Sorrow

Huang He River

Known as Roof of the World

Pamir (South Asia)

Body of water with the lowest elevation from sea level and with highest level of salinity

Dead Sea

World's largest oil reserves, world's largest oil producer

Saudi Arabia, Westen Asia

Guardian of the (Persian) Gulf

Oman

The transcontinental country (the bridge between Asia and Europe)

Turkey

Land of the Cedars

Lebanon

"Zhongguo" = Middle Kingdom

China

"Fragrant Harbor"

Hong Kong

First European in East Asia

Macau

Former name of Taiwan

Formosa

"Nippon" = Sun origin

Japan

Former name of Sri Lanka

Ceylon

Land of the Forty Tribes

Kyrgyzstan

Most populous land in Indonesia

Java

Ranked third in the countries with biggest oil reserves

Brunei

Land of the Free (Muang Thai)

Thailand

Richest part of the seas

Coral Triangle

Computer Country in Asia

Singapore

Land of the Golden Pagodas

Myanmar

Former name of Cambodia

Kampuchea

Degradation of the soil of its nutrients to support plant and animal life

Desertification

The amount of nature needed to support human life

Ecological footprint

First of the ape-form ancestors to be considered hominid

Australopithecus africanus

"Man of skill" "Handyman" since they used stones (from cooled lava) to cut meat

Homo habilis

"Upright man"

Homo erectus

During the Paleolithic period, humans lived a __________ life, living off hunting and gathering food, such as fruits

nomadic

During the __________ period, humans lived in permanent constructions and in groups and learned to sharpen and make use of tools

Neolithic

- Caste system - Four beliefs: Brahmin, Shatri-ya, Vaiyshya, Sudra - Karma and reincarnation

Hinduism

- gives importance to brotherhood, purity, and humility - founded by Ashoka

Buddhism

paniniwala ng mga Tsino na China ang sentro ng daigdig

Sinocentrism

focuses on the good behaviors or morality of man

Propriety

this religion introduced monotheism

Judaism

recognizes the emperor as a descendant of the Sun Goddess

Divine Origin

lies on the Fertile Crescent, the whole area of its river valley is now part of Iraq

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization

Sargon I is the first great leader of Semites

Akkaidan Civilization

became known under the rule of Hammurabi

Babylonian Civilization

a set of political, civil, and economic laws during the Babylonian Civilization

Hammurabi's code

the chief god of the Babylonian Civilization

Marduk

the first civilization to use their weapons in warfare

Hittites Civilization

the first great Assyrian ruler

TigathPileser I

the next great Assyrian ruler

Ashurnasipal II

first writing system of the Sumerian Civilization

cuneiform

the greatest ruler of the Chaldean Civilization

Nebuchadnezzar

known as the stargazers of Babylon, zodiac also came from them as they believed that the stars and constellations have an effect of man's fate

Chaldean Civilization

this empire's first leader is Cyrius the Great

Persian Civilization

Persia's official religion

Zoroastrianism

chief god of the Persian Empire

Ahuza Mazda

"The Great Merchants of the Ancient World"

Phoenicians

most important contribution of the Phoenicians

alphabet

includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible

The Pentateuch

the first five books of the Hebrew Bible

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy

the civilization which archaeologists noted to have a concept of urban planning, such as construction of floodways

The Indus Valley Civilization

"Golden Age" of Hinduism

Gupta Empire

founder of Gupta Empire

Sri Gupta

Greatest poet of India

Kalidasa

discovered that planets rotate on its axis

Aryabhata

Chinese word for yellow, and refers to the fine yellow sediments that the rivers carry into the floodplains and the sea

Huang

Dynasty first to provide a written history of China

Shang Dynasty

Proof of Shang Dynasty that they have a writing system

oracle bones

Longest reign of all dynasties in China, built roads and made coins, made use of iron and bronze for weapons and farming tools

Zhou Dynasty

Dynasty when Confucius was born

Zhou Dynasty

The 13-y/o emperor of the Qin Dynasty and ordered for a Great Wall to be built

Shi Huangti

first great historian of China

Ssuma Chien

Dynasty founded by Liu Pang, exercised a centralized government, paper was discovered, and silk road became known

Han Dynasty

a short-lived dynasty, laid the foundations for the Golden Age of China

Sui Dynasty

It was built under Yang Ti's rule

The Grand Canal of China

Connects Yangtze and Huang Hu rivers

The Grand Canal of China

The Golden Age of China, founded by Li Yuan

Tang Dynasty

Tang Dynasty's greatest emperor

Tang Taitsung

Dynasty founded by Sung Taitsu, when magnetic compass, paper printing, and gunpowder were discovered

Sung Dynasty

the first emperor of this Dynasty is Kublai Khan

Yuan Dynasty

Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India

Mughal Dynasty

Greatest leader during the Muslim invasion of India

Tamerlane

Ruler when it was declared the Golden Age of the Mughal Empire

Akbar

his name means "King of the World", ordered for the Taj Mahal to be built as a tomb for his wife

Shah Jahan

last ruler of the Mughal Empire

Aurangzeb

first settlers of Japan

Ainu

first capital of Japan

Nara

the first written set of laws in Japan written by Prince Shotoku

Seventeen Articles

second capital of Japan

Heian

World's first full-length novel, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu

The Tale of Genji

a hereditary military dictator in the Heian period

Shogun

tent government during the Heian period

Shogunate

Military governors during the Heian period

Daimyo

Military officials tasked to serve their lords during the Heian period

Samurai

Code of Ethics that is followed by Samurais

Bushido

composed of Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines

Malay Asia

composed of Malysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, TimorLeste, and Singapore

Malay Archipelago

A state with primarily maritime realms, an empire at sea, or a seaborne empire

Thalassocracy

the Silla Kingdom period

Golden Age of Korea

founder of Yi Dynasty

Sejong the Great

first kingdom in Korea, founded by Dangun Wanggeom

Gojoseon Kingdom

division of the Gojoseon Kingdom when it collapsed

Korugyo, Paekche, Shilla

Cape of Storm ---> Cape of Hope

tip of southern Africa

first viceroy of the Portugal to the East

Francisco Albaquerque

term by the Chinese to any foreigner who arrives at their country

Ocean Devils

first Portuguese to visit China

Rafael Perestrello

"Apostle of the Indies", spread Christianity in Japan

Francis Xavier

largest empire in world's history

British empire

first Dutch colony in Indonesia

Batavia

nomadic tribe in Russia in search of a new territory in Central Asia

Cossack

Treaty of Nerchinsk

Between Russia and China

founder of Ming Dynasty

Chu Yuan Chang

cause of the First Opium War

addiction of the Chinese to illegally import opium by the British Commissioner Li Zexu; British was stripped of privilege, exiled to Macau and Hong Kong

cause of the Second Opium War

a group of Chinese attacked a British vessel containing opium, the French teamed up with the British

first British governor-general in India

Charles Cornwallis

resulted to Treaty of Shomonoseki

Japan winning the first Sino-Japanese War

resulted to Treaty of Portsmouth

Japan winning the Russo-Japanese War

"Great Soul"

Mahatma

Father of Modern China, and first president of China

Sun Yat-sen

A nationalist party that believes that progress of China will come from its modernization

Koumintang

Anniversary of China's Xinhai Revolution

Double Ten Revolution, October 10

leader of the Nationalist Party in China

Chiang Kai-Shek

leader of the Communist Party in China

Mao Tse-Tsung

Sun Yat-Sen : Three Principles of the People ; Mao Tse-Tsung : __________

The New Democracy

Sun Yat-Sen : __________ ; Mao Tse-Tsung : The New Democracy

Three Principles of the People

the first Philippine nationalistic revolution in Asia

The 1896 Revolution

Date of full independence from all other countries

July 4, 1946

the first nationalist society in the Indonesia, founded by Wahidin Sudirobusodo

Budi Utomo (Glorious Endeavor)

an Indonesian socio-political organization founded by Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto

Sarekat Islam (Islamic Association)

first president of Turkey

Mustada Kemal Ataturk

Japanese pilots who initiated suicide attacks to deliberately target enemy ships

Kamikaze

the code name of a research and development undertaking that produced the first nuclear weapons

Manhattan Project

the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945

Little Boy

the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

Fat Man

called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces; Japan did so on August 10, 1945

Potsdam Declaration

Victory over Japan Day; the day on which Japan surrendered, in effect ending the war

Aug 15, 1945 – Sep 2, 1945

a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies

Cold War

the dividing line between the Korean peninsula, creating the two Koreas

38th parallel

occupied by Soviet Union, became communist North Korea

North of 38th parallel

occupied by USA, became democratic South Korea

South of 38th parallel

"oekonomia"

management of the household

He stated supply and demand as a relationship rather than just two quantities

John Stuart Mill

developed the concept of utilitarianism, which is the greatest good for the greatest number

Jeremy Bentham

first modern work of economics

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

known for his law of comparative advantage

David Ricardo

wrote the Malthusian Theory of Population, which states that the human population will surpass the limit where the world’s resources can sustain human life.

Thomas Malthus

studies the behavior of single entities, such as the household, the business form, and the resource owner, focuses on the flow of goods and services from the producers to the consumers (by Ragnar Frisch)

Microeconomics

studies the overall performance of the economy, focuses on the nature of economic growth and its indicators, such as the overall flow of goods and services, and national income (by Ragnar Frisch)

Macroeconomics

the use of economic resources to CREATE goods and services

Production

the manner of DISTRIBUTING total output and income among individuals

Distrubution

the SPENDING by individuals on goods and services

Consumption

the economic PROBLEM between having unlimited human wants and needs, but only having limited resources

Scarcity

President who encouraged rehabilitation of Philippines; continuation of free trade with America

Manuel Roxas

President who encouraged postwar reconstruction; increase in economic aid

Elpidio Quirino

law that states the breaking down of large estates, provision of greater protection of tenants

Agricultural Tenancy Act (RA 1199)

President who enacted RA 1199

Ramon Magsaysay

talks of free and private enterprise, to restore economic stability, reduction in number of poor Filipinos, establish of a dynamic basis of future growth

5-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program

President who enacted the 5-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program

Diosdado Macapagal

President who faced a severe economic depression in 1984 to 1985; pursued the policy of privatization

Corazon Aquino

President who was one of the founding fathers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in 1967; created spending program on public works and infrastructure, and for self- sufficiency in rice. In his second term, the country was in a pool of huge debt

Ferdinand Marcos, Sr.

President who came up with the economic revitalization plan: government deregulation, increase in private investment, and maintenance of peace talks with guerillas

Fidel V. Ramos

President who proposed amendments to the constitution concerning protectionist provisions to attract foreign investments

Joseph "Erap" Estrada

President who boasts of impressive growth rate, especially that of 2004 where it grew by 6.1%; credited for a light blow in the country after the global recession in 2009

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

a benefit that a person could have received but decided to give it up to take another benefit

Opportunity cost

high demand and less supply of a certain commodity

Shortage

Types of economic systems

Traditional, command, market, mixed

Alternative types of economic systems

Capitalism, socialism, welfare states

Type of economic system wherein practices are passed down from generation to generation without change, basically a subsistence economy

Traditional economic system

Type of economic system that is highly dictatorial. Means of production are owned by the government

Command economic system

Type of economic system that coordinates through a connection of market and prices; dictated by supply and demand

Market economic system

Type of economic system that believes that a market exists in a pure and single form, but with a little bit of everything

Mixed economic system

Alternative types of economic system

Capitalism, socialism, welfare states

Type of economic system that is characterized by private ownership of capital goods, there is a competition in a free market

Capitalism

Type of economic system characterized by government ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods

Socialism

Type of economic system wherein the government overrules market forces to protect its people, and to provide for them means to have at least a minimum standard of living

Welfare States

Human needs are depicted as hierarchical levels; needs at the bottom should be satisfied first before one can go to achieve a higher level of need

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A flexible theory such that it allows different needs to be pursued simultaneously

Aldefer's ERG (existence, relatedness, growth) theory

the happiness, benefit or value a consumer gets from a good or service

utility

the overall utility derived from consuming certain units of a good

Total utility

The additional utility derived from consuming an additional unit of the good

Marginal utility

As additional units of a good or consumed the additional utility derived from each additional unit tends to diminish

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

The use of economic resources to create goods and services that is to be used to satisfy man's wants

Production

The resources used to produce goods and services

Input

The product created as a result of the combination of inputs in the production process

Output

The four factors of production

CELL - land labor entrepreneurship capital

The factor of production that all resources are natural

Land

The human effort used in production

Labor

Payment for the use of labor

Wage

Payment for the use of land

Rent

The man made factors used in the production

Capital

Payment for the use of capital

Interest

The skill in charge of combining and handling all other economic resources to be of best use

Entrepreneurship

The payment for use of entrepreneurship

Profit

The functional relationship between output and the factors of land, labor, and capital

Production function

The given and labor and capital resources that a company can use at a given time

Production capacity

The overall production of several units of a given input

Total product

The additional output produced by an additional unit of the input

Marginal product

The average contribution for unit of input

Average product

In reference to the diminishing values of the marginal product

Law of diminishing returns

the willingness of the consumer to buy a commodity at a given price

demand

an inverse relationship between the price of a good and the demand for that good

law of demand

the amount of a commodity available for sale

supply

direct relationship between the price of a good and the supply for that good

law of supply

This is a team there is a point where demand is equal to the supply

Equilibrium

when demands exceed supply

shortage

when supply exceed demands

surplus

the minimum price when sellers can offer their goods for sale, the seller cannot sell output at a price that is lower than this

floor price

the maximum price when sellers can offer their goods for sale, the seller cannot sell output at a price higher than this

ceiling price

what must be PRIMARILY CONSIDERED when choosing instructional aids

suited/ appropriate to the lesson objectives

this diagram/ technique easily shows cause and effect

fishbone diagram

this diagram/ technique easily shows data

histogram

this diagram/ technique easily shows how to monitor students progress

learning log

this technique is used when there is a small group discussion, using pen and paper and all members will share and participate

round table discussion

this technique is used as a brainstorming activity where members have a small group discussion, and then come up with a common decision-- make decision as a group

consensus decision

this technique is used for students to share feedback regarding a specific topic

critiquing session

put the group/ presenters on trial then judged by a chosen panel if you did well

jury trial

what to do if instructional materials do not match the lesson objective

modify the materials

mood setting is under what law by thorndike?

readiness

thinking about thinking

metacognition

signed by 117 states in 1982, which gave the Philippines the archipelago principle that its islands and natural features are a single geographic unit

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea)

he named the Philippines Archipelago of St. Lazarus

Ferdinand Magellan

Bahang mala-tsunami sa mga baybayin na dulot ng pagtaas ng tubig dahil sa mga bagyo o iba pang mga kaugnay na sistema

dalúyong o dalúyong-bagyo (storm surge)

Mountain range that forms the boundary of Cotabato, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur provinces in Central Mindanao

Piapayungan

"House of Snow" for the constantly snow-capped mountains

Himalayan peaks

best city to visit when engaging in winter sports

Helsinki

the resting place of Noah's Ark after the Great Flood, and, thus, considered a biblical mountain

Mt. Ararat

refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern

Monsoon

state of the atmosphere with with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure

weather

this province is not linked to the island of Samar after the construction of San Juanico Bridge

Leyte

region of the earth that experiences the highest humidity

Tropics

where did japan surrender after the bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki

USA

where student protestors initiated clamor for democracy and freedom in China

Tiananmen Square

the country that embroiled in the Vietnam War is a landlocked nation

Cambodia

former name of Myanmar

Burma

largest bird in the Philippines

Tipol

intellectual center of the world

Europe

The galleon trade from 1565-1815 allowed the country to extend historical contracts with this country

Mexico

what island did the US troops land on for the first time recapturing the country during the WWII in Asia

Leyte

considered the most active volcano in the country as it erupted many times since 1915

Mayon

"The Philippine Deep" in the east coast of

Mindanao

most significant result of Magellan's expeditions

the earth is not flat

biome that has the richest and greatest biodiversity because of its high precipitation and warm weather

tropical rainforest

the hot, moist biome near the earth's equator

tropical rainforest

unforested grassland in southern Europe or Siberia

steppe

birthplace of human species

Africa

industrial revolution started in

England

China's Window to the West

Hong Kong

not included in the concept of peace education

competition

established on August 8, 1967, by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, this geopolitical and economic organization of 10 countries are located in Southeast Asia

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the USA creating a bilateral trade in North America

NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement)

the power of the state that has been invoked in requiring teachers in basic education to have license for teaching

police power

the British left India in 1947, as a result these new nations emerged as independent from India

Pakistan & Bangladesh

a situation in which a particular market is controlled by a small group of firms

oligopoly

countries who exercise leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others

hegemony

disorientation when experiencing unfamiliar way of life due to migration or visit to a new country.

Culture shock

means disagreement of behavior patterns or culture

Cultural conflict

catching up with technological innovations causing lag or behind

Cultural lag

differences in culture resulting to mutual misunderstanding or relations

Cultural gap

This program enables Grade 10 completers from public and private Junior High Schools (JHS) to enroll in a private high school, private college or university, state or local university or college, or technical vocational school, which offers the Senior High School (SGS) program that starts in 2016-2017

Voucher Program

The law creating National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

RA 10121

The sport of the first Filipino Olympic medalist who was Teofilo YIdefonso

Swimming

The buccina is the forerunner of what musical instrument?

Trombone

The world's first woman prime minister from Asia

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

What is the primary reason behind the constitutional policy on the prohibition of political dynasties?

To democratize election and appointment to positions in the government

What benefit does the country derives from the international recognition of the archipelagic doctrine?

Unlimited exercise of our sovereignty on our exclusive economic zone.

Which body ratifies or rejects appointments made President?

Commission on Appointments

This may partly explain the tendency of Filipinos to be indolent as cited by the scholarly work of some Filipino authors

The tropical climate

Under whose presidency was the famous Miracle Rice was produced?

Ferdinand Marcos, Sr.

A three-stringed musical instrument with a long neck and triangular body invented by the Tatar tribes of Russia.

Balakaika

What lesson can we learn from the unsuccessful revolts of the Filipinos against Spain?

Unity can be our strength against aggression

Pro-poor programs of our government are meant to

Bridge the gap of the rich and the poor.

Contributed to the Filipino "kami" mentality

Our colonial history

How did the constitution respond to the worsening rural urban disparities?

LGUs have shares in the national income through taxes

Duterte administration promotes

Federalism

North Korea's aggressive militarization and nuclear posturing is & threat to __________ according to global critics.

World peace/ International security

The adoption of the Basic Education Learning Continuity Ran in light of the Covid-19 crisis is provided through this Department or Education Order

DepEd Order No. 012 s. 2020

The Bayanihan to Heal as One Act known as the Bayanihan is designated as

RA 11469

Bayanihan to Recover As One Act signed September 2020 granting the President additional authority to combat COVID-19.

RA 11494

As technology improves learners are trained to adapt to technology. One specific skill is geared towards becoming technology-prepared and the use of digital data appropriately.

Digital citizenship

This refers to private sector groups for national advocacies known as

Civil society

La Liga Filipina is equivalent to a __________ society.

Civil

Signed between the Philippines in 1998 gives the US simplified access procedures for their service members on official business and to govern issues involving conflicts arising from their presence.

Visiting Forces Agreement

The conflict arising between the Philippines and China is base on __________ claims?

Territorial

Identifies the biological differences between men and women

Sex

The pandemic of corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) first case originated in this Chinese territory called

Wuhan, Hubei

The first European country to declare an end to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Slovenia

symbol of a capital city in a map

circled star

most active volcano in Negros

Kanlaon

number of regions in the Philippines

among the 17 regions in the Philippines, what region is unique for having its own governor and legislative assembly?

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)

highest law of the land

The Constitution

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

Gen. Andres Centino

the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive as small independent farmers, regardless of the “tenurial” arrangement

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) by Cory Aquino

RA 11210

Extended Maternity Leave Law

the international agreement entered by the president that does not require the ratification of the senate

executive agreement

an economic system in which the government controls the production and distribution of goods and services

centrally planned economy

an economic system that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism

mixed economy

a key aspect of a political system in which a central governmental authority dictates the levels of production that are permissible and the prices that may be charged for goods and services

command economy

an economic system in which private individuals or businesses own capital goods

capital system/ capitalism

The agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers

Treaty of Tordesillas

Upper and Lower Egypt became united around 3150 B.C.E. after the Upper Egyptian leader, __________, led his military forces to defeat Lower Egypt

Menes/ Narmer

a system of writing first developed by the Ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia

Cuneiform

the father of Athenian democracy

Cleisthenes

widely regarded as the world's first practical modern automobile and was the first car put into production. It was patented and unveiled in 1886.

The Benz Patent-Motorwagen (Karl Benz of Germany)

he founded the first Persian Empire (Achamenid Empire)

Cyrus the Great

"Family of Religions", "Religions of the World"

Hinduism

he designed and analyzed the impact of social differentiation, expansion of social groups, structure of the economy, and other developmental and environmental influences in the development of the human personality

---

a part of agriculture that deals with animal livestock such as goats, chickens, yaks, camels, sheep, and bovine, etc.

pastoralism

characterized by social relations between individuals, based on close personal and family ties; community.

Geimenschaft

characterized by social relations based on impersonal ties, as duty to a society or organization.

Gesellschaft

a legal principle wherein an archipelago is to be regarded as a single unit, such that the waters around, in between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines

Archipelagic Doctrine

fishing capital of the Philippines

Navotas

Little Hong Kong of the South

Pagadian City

the exact position of a place on the globe

absolute location

The "nearly" equal hours of day and night are due to the refraction of sunlight or a bending of the light's rays that causes the sun to appear above the horizon when the actual position of the sun is below the horizon

Equinox

marks the shortest day and longest night of the year

Winter Solstice

occurs at the moment the earth's tilt toward/from the sun is at a maximum

Summer Solstice

a country that does not trade or engage in other financial exchanges with any other country

closed economy

oldest epic recognized in the world

Epic of Gilgamesh

the belief that the Chinese emperor had a divine right to rule given him by the god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky

Mandate of Heaven

first speaker of the Philippine National Assembly in 1907

Sergio Osmeña

the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

Cayetano Arellano

President Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law

Presidential Proclamation No. 1081

the borrowing of cultural traits between cultures, either directly or through intermediaries

Diffusion

the legislative authorization that contains the new appropriations in terms of specific amounts for salaries, wages and other personnel benefits; authorizes expenditures and allocated the budget of the philippine bureaucracy

General Appropriations Act (GAA)

It aims to make the Philippine Tax System simpler, fairer, and more efficient to promote investments, create jobs and reduce poverty.

Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN)

It is a broad program to improve not only the productivity but also the income levels of the agrarian sector, to generate and expand employment and reduce poverty in the countryside.

Agrarian Reform

Type of cooperative according to services that engage in medical and dental care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance, housing, labor, electricity, communications and other services.

Service

A branch of learning under social science that provides a basis for understanding the world we live in: its physical environment, its various peoples and the way they live, and the way people interact with their environments.

Geography

Basic theme of Geography that focuses on how people and societies have dealt with their environments.

Human-environment interaction

The process of transferring the image of the spherical earth onto a flat surface

Map projection

The most striking of all landforms, are characterized by rugged slopes that rise sharply above the surrounding terrain and culminate in some kind of peak or summit

Mountains

Savannas of Kenya and Tanzania in East Africa, and Llanos of Venezuela in South America are examples of this type of climate.

Tropical wet - and - dry

Type of vegetation region of populated areas of Europe, eastern China, and North America

Mid-latitude forest

It investigates the origins of cultures and examines how people alter the landscape in culturally characteristic ways.

Cultural Geography

Category of economic activities which are those associated with the extraction of natural resources from the earth

Primary

An Arabian priest and teacher who introduced Islam in the Philippines

Mukdum

The economy of baranganic societies is best described as?

Subsistence

He successfully went home to Spain after the defeat of Magellan and became the first to circumnavigate the globe

Sebastian del Cano

The first form of taxation comes from the English verb "encomendar" meaning to commit or to charge one's care

Encomienda System

What is the important feature of revolution that is not present in revolt?

Nationalism

A law prohibiting the waging of the Philippine flag will be punished with either death or life imprisonment

Flag Law

well accepted by the Filipinos under Spanish rule

representation in the cortes

In Philippine History, who resisted the conversion to the Catholic faith?

the tribal groups in the highlands and the Muslim separatists

The difference between monopolistic competition and pure competition is

the number of products

In connection with government transactions involving public interest, which policy is adopted in the constitution to assure the public of accountability and transparency?

full public disclosures

The important factors which have contributed to the weakness in the internalization of desirable social values are the:

lack of models among the very people expected to exemplify these values

The gallant champion of Filipino rights during the Spanish regime was:

Father Martin de Rada

Who said that Rizal is the greatest son of the Malay race

Ferdinand Blumentritt

Who wrote Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

Antonio D. Morga

The earliest people showed their scientific ability when they:

started using polished stone tools

The Persian empire was considered the most efficient government of all times because

the government had organized its provincial system

The social change that led to the development of towns and cities in Europe was:

the traders and businesses become rich

The worst effect of capitalism due to the Industrial revolution was:

the capitalists were getting richer and the workers poorer

The fundamental focus of ritual activities in native culture is the:

belief that it can drive away bad spirits

The law which has its applications where the military arm does not supersede civil authority but is called upon to aid in the execution of its vital functions.

martial law

An increase in the price of gasoline affects the demand for cars:

cross elasticity of demand

The treaty that divided the world into two parts running from the north pole to the south pole a distance of 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands

Treaty of Tordesillas

The place where the first battle of Manila Bay was fought:

Bangkusay

The Batangueno priest who baptized Rizal and predicted that he will become a great man someday is:

Father Rufino Collantes

Who was the first woman in Panay to fight in the Philippine Revolution? AKA Visayan Joan of Arc

Teresa Magbanua

An ownership in business vested in a separate legal entity:

corporation

It is the essential instrument or machinery of the state that carries out its will, purposes, and objectives.

Government

Functions of the government

Rule making (legislative), Rule adjudication (judiciary), Rule execution (executive)

An element of good governance that is imperative is to make public officials answerable for government behavior and responsive to the entity from which they derive their authority and establish criteria to measure the performance of public officials.

Accountability

These are the bodies of water within the nautical radius of 200 nautical miles from the outermost ring of the territorial sea, which extends to the State the exclusive right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage the maritime and natural resources.

Exclusive Economic Zone

The regular election for the President and Vice- President shall be held on the

Second Monday of May

The search for knowledge using recognized methods in data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Scientific inquiry

This is the most common method for descriptive qualitative projects and is one that looks across all the data to identify the common issues that recur and identify the main themes that summarize all the views you have collected.

Thematic Analysis

It is one method for INCREASING THE VALIDITY OF FINDINGS, through deliberately seeking evidence from a wide range of sources and comparing findings from those different sources. For example, if you have done interviews and focus groups, compare the findings from each. If they coincide, that strengthens our faith in having identified important issues.

triangulation

This is a major approach in educational research which aims to count things to explain what is observed

Quantitative research

Amongst the several policies of former President Trump that President Biden has reversed is the __________ from Somalia in May 2022.

withdrawal of US troops

It is a worldwide issue, but in the Philippines, it is viewed as a national social emergency. According to the United Nations Population Fund, the Philippines has one of the highest rates among the ASEAN member states.

teenage pregnancy

The war which has been ongoing since February 2014 and escalated invasion on February 24, 2022.

Russia - Ukraine

Living on earth is made possible because of the

sun

The solar radiation that reaches the earth makes possible the process of

photosynthesis

The imaginary line at zero longitude which divides the globe into the eastern and western hemispheres is the

Prime meridian

The tilting of the earth on its axis at about 23 ½ degrees affects the __________ of the planet.

climate

The imaginary line at zero latitude that divides the globe into the northern and southern hemispheres

Equator

Why is Economics considered as a social science?

Economics applies the scientific method to the behavior and actions of people.

As a branch of economics, microeconomics deals with __________

The individual behavior of a country's economic units -the firm, household, and the government

When the government chooses to use resources to build highways, those resources are no longer available to build schools. This illustrates the concept of __________

Opportunity cost

A normative statement in economics is one about

what ought to be

what region in Asia do we find countries that are rich in oild

West Asia (Middle East)

three of the four earliest civilizations of the world originated from Asia

Sumer, Indus, Shang

What did King Nebuchadnezzar construct for his wife?

Code of Hammurabi

What Muslim community was established by Muhammad that was governed by the teachings of Allah?

Ummah

From what ancient law did the Bill of Rights of the Malolos Constitution of 1899 partly originated?

Roman law

A freedom guaranteed by the Constitution allowing citizens to assemble

Freedom of assembly

Who was the first speaker of the Philippine National Assembly convened in 1907?

Sergio Osmeña

Can an accused avail of free legal assistance?

Yes, provided he is classified as a poor litigant by the court.

No person may be elected as President of the Philippines unless he/she is a __________

natural born citizen

All appropriations, revenue or tariff bills shall originate exclusively from the __________

House of Representatives

The Philippines objected to the advisory on travels to Mindanao by the Australian government. What should the government do?

File diplomatic protest

Who was among the last Filipino generals who fought the Americans and established the so-called "Tagalog Republic?"

Macario Sacay

It is perceived as the most important need and most pressing problems of the Filipino family.

Unemployment or financial problem

It mandates the blending of coco methyl ester (CME) in all diesel fuel and ethanol in gasoline sold across the country.

Biofuel Act of 2006

Under the 1987 Constitution, which among its' basic principle embody the sociological aspects of life?

Recognition of Family as a basic social institution

The major purpose of taxation

Provides State income

It is the environmental milestone that requires industries to install anti-pollution devices and ban the use of incinerators?

The Clean Air Act

Program designed to solve the social ills of the Filipino society through social renewal and transformation and to strengthen the moral fiber of the Filipino people.

Moral Recovery Program

It is the corporate mind of the pupils and teachers organized around principles of knowledge in which all minds are thinking as one.

social mind

The teacher becomes a director of values learning and enriches the learnings through cognitive and affective inputs.

Activity

Is an on-going process of using one's innate capacities and potentials in full, creative ways which is the core of the valuing process.

Self-actualization

A clay sculpture of a naked young woman with overflowing hair, standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high sculpted by Rizal

The Triumph of Science over Death

Coined the term "Survival of the Fittest"

Herbert Spencer

DIVINE RIGHT is the notion that royalty is given divine sanction to rule

absolute monarchy

Muhammad's migration from Mecca in 622 AD, marked the consolidation of the first Muslim community.

Hegira

It states that new social norms may emerge when people gather in a crowd.

Emergent theory

South Sea of the Philippines

Celebes Sea

East Sea in the Philippines

Philippine Sea

A traditional hand-woven cloth was indigenous to the T'boli people from the Cotabato region. It is woven in order to celebrate and pay tribute to major life events such as birth, life, marriage, or death within the community.

T'nalak

Collective behavior is emotional and irrational, and results from the HYPOTONIC INFLUENCE of the crowd.

Contagion theory

Crowd behavior REFLECTS the beliefs and intentions that individuals already share before they join a crowd.

Convergence theory

People are not sure how to behave when they begin to interact in collective behavior. As they discuss their potential behavior, norms governing their behavior emerge, and social order and rationality then guide their behavior/

Emergent norm theory

Collective behavior results when several conditions exist, including structural strain, generalized beliefs, precipitating factors, and lack of social control

Value-added theory

One of the types of economics that collects and presents data that can describe the phenomena

Descriptive economics

theory that involves building models of behavior. A theory is a statement or set of related statements about cause and effect, action and reaction.

Economic theory

refers to the collection and use of data to test economic theories.

Empirical economics

If you were a change agent which of the following sectors you generally advance in order to address the problem of rampant poverty?

Business and manufacturing

The Mongols became one of the greatest conquerors because of their skills in

horse riding

The first successful domestication of plants, as well as goats, cattle, and other animals

Neolithic Period

What is fallacious reasoning in saying publicly that all Mexicans are rapists and all Syrians as terrorists?

Stereotyping (generalizing)

used in reference to an activity, cause, etc. that is currently fashionable or popular and attracting increasing support

Bandwagon mentality

In crafting creative impressions, what is the cultural syndrome in winning the election?

Political dynasties

These are examples of cultural universals that are behavioral patterns in all human cultures except

Matriarchy

founder of Modern Geography and the greatest scientific traveller who ever lived

Alexander Von Humboldt

What describes the tectonic movement of plates or sections of the earth's inner crust?

Drifting, pulling, colliding

It is the book of dictatorship which maintains that "the end justifies the means" and was written by

Niccolo Machiavelli

Which is one of the successful cartels that controls the world market for oil?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Which assumptions underlies the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program?

Men always work harder when they work on that which is their own.

this study samples a population whose members may change over time

trend study

this study samples a particular population whose members do not change over the course of the survey.

cohort study

this study collects data from a population at a specific point in time

cross-sectional study

this study repeatedly collects data from the same sample over an extended period of time.

longitudinal study

Which of the following is unconstitutional?

A person's choice of abode limited by order of the court.

Coined the terms "microeconomics" and "macroeconomics"

Ragnar Frisch

These are products or services that consumers see as essentially the same or similar enough to another product.

Substitute goods

These are products that go well together

Complimentary goods

a product used to produce a final good or finished product

Intermediate goods

Developed the concept of Secondary Deviance

Edwin Lemert

Of the mineral wealth of the Philippines, what is the largest of the Far East?

Copper and chromite as in Mankayan

The new growth theory perpetuates that human desires and unlimited wants foster ever-increasing productivity and economic growth. What implication would it bring on GDP?

GDP gradually increases because of people's pursuit of profit opportunity

The foci of Japanese education in the Philippines were

Vocational and Technical Education

In the sociology of knowledge, which consists of accumulated facts about the world along its biological and physical aspects?

Natural Knowledge

In 1987, this commission defined sustainability as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs"

Brundtland Commission

What was the unique social stratification or groupings based on occupation among the Hindus in India called?

Caste System

Among the 17 UN SDGs, which can be resolved through protecting forest reserves?

Advance life on land (15th goal of UN SDG)

Concept of "Invisible Hand"

Adam Smith

The first people to use bronze tools and weapons

Sumerians (Sag-giga)

What is the age of Epoch that signifies the earliest historical date in human history?

Bronze age - Sumerians

Treaty that ended the First Opium War and resulted in the cession of the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain

Treaty of Nanking

First defacto VP of the Philippines

Mariano Trias

Which war in Europe led to the British occupation of Manila from 1762 to 1764?

Seven Years War

War between France and England

Hundred Years War

Which Philippine Folk dances appealed to many overseas countries, especially in the US?

Tinikling

Who introduced the comprehensive public school system in the Philippines?

Americans

What is most likely to take place in the period of economic boom?

period of rapid growth of real GDP resulting in lower unemployment

Where did Gen. Tomuyuki Yamashita surrender to the Americans during the last days of the Second World War?

Baguio

What is the simple reason behind the implementation of the planned parenthood program to control population growth?

Less mouth to feed

What law was passed in August 1909 by the U.S. Congress to establish partial-free trade in the Philippines?

Payne-Aldrich Act

The treaty that NEUTRALIZED Muslim resistance against the Americans during the Filipino-American War

The Bates Treaty

Young Filipinos who were sent to the US as scholars of the government to pursue higher education

Pensionados

What is a piece of non-debatable evidence left by Rizen proving his faith in God despite being estranged from his religion?

Retraction paper

What message was taken from Rizal's La Indolencia del Filipino ?

The rich natural resources and favorable climate encourage the Filipino get-by mentality.

College song written by Rizal for his pupils in Dapitan

Hymn to Talisay

Who was the Egyptian Queen known as "Serpent of the Nile" who became the lover of two Roman Generals, Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony?

Cleopatra

He ruled the Roman empire in the 6th century, giving him honorary rule all over German state

Charlemagne

Bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era

Rennaisance

School that was founded by Plato in 387 BC

Academy

A farmer eho refused to work using texhnology because it was not what his forefathers have taught him displays:

Culture lag

Elites according to Karl Marx

Bourgeoisie

Working class according to Karl Marx

Proletariat

The continent that has the most rugged surface, and in its area is found the lowest and highest elevation in the world

Asia

El Primer Grito

Cry of Montalban

This event reflected the decision of the Katipunan to stage a revolution against Spain.

Cry of Montalban / Pamitinan Cave

The first real battle fought by Filipinos against the Spaniards

Pinaglabanan (San Juan, Del Monte)

The writ of habeas corpus may be suspended in cases of

invasion and rebellion

Members of the culture adapt features of another

Acculturation

Replaced Pres. Garcia as President of the 1971 ConCon?

Diosdado Macapagal

The organization that came as an aftermath of the WWII

United Nations

Right to minimum wage

Statutory rights

In Marxist theory, this class includes criminals, vagrants, and the unemployed, who lacked awareness of their collective interest as an oppressed class

Lumpenproletariat

What was the name of the first provisional government established by the Japanese in the country?

Philippine Executive Commission

In which type of biome is Southeast Asia, most of South America and Africa situated?

Tropical Rainforest

What is GNP in economics?

Gross National Product, a way to determine a country's productivity.

It refers to the full and fair equivalent of the property taken from its owner by the expropriator and the gauge for computation is not the taker's gain but the owner's loss. In order for the payment to be "just", it must be real, substantial, full, and ample; made within a reasonable time from the taking of the property.

Just Compensation

Pre-colonial trade in the Philippines was prosperous. What system did they use for their business transactions?

Barter

Who may extend the proclamation of Martial Law?

Congress

Which is the biggest state in the world in terms of territory?

Canada

It is an association of businesses or industries that gets a monopoly of goods or resources in a specific market

Cartel

Filipinos are known to be thrifty, frugal, creative and resourceful. They have the ability to do things that are next to impossible. They can fix appliances that seem to be beyond repair. What Filipino trait is being referred to in this statement?

Remedyo attitude

For which are the state policies on "equal access to opportunities for public service and the prohibition of political dynasties" and "strengthening the merit and rewards system" intended?

To uphold the quality of public service

Sequence the epochs of civilization by a timeline from earliest to later dates. I. Indian II. Grecian III. Mesopotamia IV. Egyptian

Mesopotamia > Egyptian > Indian > Grecian

largest bird in the world

ostrich

a period between a peak and a trough in the business cycle where there is a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy that can last from a few months to more than a year

recession

Treaty that outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the victorious Allies, led by the United States, France, and the United Kingdom

Treaty of Versailles

Widely known protocol on international environmental agreement

Kyoto Protocol

Divine Right is associated with

Absolute monarchy

Violated with alleged EJK

Due process of law

Branch of Social Science that provides an understanding of the physical environment of the earth and its relation to human

Geography

Theory of Crowd behavior that explains the phenomenon of shared emotions, goals, and beliefs

Contagion Theory

Exports greater than imports

Trade surplus

Imports greater than exports

Trade deficit

Ideals of the French Revolution in increasing the spirit of nationalism

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

the motivation for European overseas exploration, expansion, and conquests; refers to the search for wealth through buying and selling Asian spices, African slaves, American metals, and other resources

"God, Gold, Glory"

Among various elements that give the Philippines an important role in international relations, this related to Cultural Geography

Melting Pot of Races

In building Filipino identity, this is the process of continuous effort in encouraging self-reflection, redefinition of individuals, institutions, and communities

Transformative

A kind of knowledge that deals with ways of influencing supernatural events by manipulating certain laws of nature

Magical Knowledge

A kind of knowledge that deals with the perception of the actions of gods, demons, angels, and spirits

Supernatural knowledge

According to Karl Marx, these are classified as slum-dwellers who lead marginalized, ofter criminal lives

Lumpenproletariat

According to Karl Marx, these are classified as a social class between the middle class and lower class

Petite bourgeoisie

a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan, Philippines

Manunggul Jar

Buddhists conceive of the world as a suffering-laden cycle of life, death, and rebirth, without beginning or end

Samsara

the cessation of desire and hence the end of suffering

Nirvana

wife of Prince Siddhartha (Buddha)

Yaśodharā

legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law

lex duodecim tabularum - The Law of the Twelve Tables

The first female Pharaoh, she wore male clothing and wore a false beard

Hatshepsut

Introduced that Caste System to India

Aryans

Historian who described Babylon as the most splendid city in the world

Herodotus

What makes a good business plan for a successful economic venture?

It should be based on current data and industry outlook

Greatest resentment during Rizal's days that motivated him to work harder

Prevailing discrimination

Date of Cry of Balintawak

August 23, 1986

Date of Execution of Rizal at Bagumbayan

December 30, 1896

Date of the trial and execution of Bonifacio

May 10, 1987

Date of proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Cavite

June 12, 1898

Message taken from Rizal's La Indolencia del Filipino

The rich natural resources and favorable climate encourage the Filipino get-by mentality

Also known as the Great Plague or the Black Death in 1665

Bubonic Plague

A Spanish writer who wrote the novel "Don Quixote"

Miguel de Cervantes

legally enforceable rights of a citizen

Statutory rights

Highest point of Filipino folk literature

Epic poetry

poorest province in the Cordillera Administrative Region

Kalinga

four main elements to make it possible for a nation's economy to grow

natural resources, capital, labor force, and technology

A law that inflicts punishment without judicial trial

Bill of Attainder

First civilization in India started in the river valleys of Indus. This is the group of people that are first to reside

Dravidians/ Harappans