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social stratification Flashcards

1
Q

equality

A

everyone has the same ‘start point’, everyone is treated equal

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2
Q

equity

A

people are given help to reach the same ‘end point’

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3
Q

welfare state

A

system where the state provides benefits in areas such as employment, medicine, education and housing

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4
Q

globalisation criticisms

A
  • decline in employment in manufacturing
  • global forces as a driving shift in employment to secondary labour market
  • a ‘job for life’ is increasingly rare
  • Use of migrant labour to reduce costs
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5
Q

factors of globalisation

A
  • increased interconnectedness
  • interdependence
  • outsourcing
  • developing / developed world
  • redcar in the north east
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6
Q

increased interconnectedness

A

due to improved transport, technology and communication links

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7
Q

interdependence

A

between nation states resulting in WORLD ECONOMIC ORDER across border

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8
Q

outsourcing

A

results in job losses in developed countries

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9
Q

developing / developed world

A

alleviates poverty in developing world
increasing poverty in developed world

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10
Q

redcar in the north east

A

example of a business devastated in 2015 with the closure of its steel works

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11
Q

Murray’s view of the welfare state (1980)

A

New Right

suggested things to base welfare state on
- people respond to incentives and disincentives
- people will avoid work to behave badly if there’s no reason to work or behave well
- people must be held responsible for their actions if society is to function properly

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12
Q

Murray’s three laws

A
  1. Law of imperfect selection
  2. Law of unintended rewards
  3. Law of net harm

Murray proposed the welfare system should be abolished

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13
Q

Criticisms of Murray’s view

A
  • lone parenthood is not a sign of the growing underclass
  • underclass can be seen as victims of inequality rather than the cause of social problems
  • Murrays statistics are selective
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14
Q

Underclass

A

Those that are deprived, rejected by working class resort to deviant behaviour to achieve societies basic goals

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15
Q

Standard state of poverty

A

Official statistics calculated on individual environment to claim benefits

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16
Q

Relative income

A

Based on income that falls below the average for similar houses

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17
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Lack of resources to engage in customary activities/ living conditions

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18
Q

Peter Townsend

A

Identified the three definitions for poverty
- State standard of poverty
- Relative income
- Relative deprivation

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19
Q

5 Contributions towards describing poverty

A
  1. Seebohm Rowntree
  2. Peter Townsend
  3. Social mobility and child poverty commission
  4. Social metric commission
  5. Kelloggs
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20
Q

Marxist view on poverty

A

Poverty is a consequence of capitalism due to inequalities and unfairness of capitalism

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21
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Inability to satisfy even the basic needs for food, shelter and clothing

22
Q

Inter generational social mobility

A

Movement between the generations of a family, occurs when a child enters a different class from their parents

23
Q

Intra generational social mobility

A

Movement of an individual between social classes over their lifetime

24
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement of people up or down a society’s strata.
Can be achieved by marrying into a family with a higher social class

25
Petty bourgeoisie
Lower middle class owners of small businesses. They would join the proletariat.
26
Instrumentalism
describes the attitudes of some working class people towards their jobs and any form of collective action
27
life chances
opportunities to provide material goods, positive living conditions and cultural capital Factors that determine the ability to access education and employment
28
Sexuality and life chances
- Homosexuality was a criminal offence until 1967 - Homophobic bullying in schools prevents LGBT kids from pursuing their passions - Fear of homophobia still prevents people from expressing themselves - 79 countries still have anti-homosexuality laws
29
Age and life chances
- Ageism is more common in younger groups - High levels of age discrimination is faced by older people - Elderly can suffer from age discrimination
30
Gender and life chances
- Women are more likely to be in lower paid jobs - Women are more likely to be in the instrumental role whereas men are more likely to be in the role of a breadwinner - Despite this, woman’s employment has expanded over time
31
Ethnicity and life chances
- Ethnicity has given some people a disadvantage when it comes to a premature death - Historically, most minority groups have experienced discrimination -Prejudice
32
Religion and life chances
- Religious belief is a source of direct and indirect discrimination - Media highlights cases where people of religion feel as though they’re being discriminated against
33
Disability and life chances
- Affect how people are treated systematically and in everyday life - Labelled as inefficiency workers, stigma that they’re unable to work - Significant levels of underachievement amongst disabled children
34
Social class and life chances
- Inequalities are played down as post modernists claim that, “class is dead” - Inequalities overlooked as media focus is elsewhere - Income and wealth allow rich to enjoy a better health and longer life expectancy
35
Weber’s four broad categories (Social class)
1. Property owning class (individuals with economic power) 2. Professional middle class (intellectual) 3. Petty bourgeoisie (Lower middle class owners of small businesses) 4. Manual working class
36
Criticisms of Marx’s view on class
- Ignores presence of meritocracy - Over-deterministic and ignores gender - Little attention to other factors - Capitalism is still used in todays society, its more stable than anticipated (outdated!)
37
Danvis and moore key study
- Argue that social strat is a universal necessity because society. is based upon meritocracy - Society will pay more for functionally important jobs - Higher wages act as an incentive for talented/hardworking individuals - More ambitious = more rewards - Functionalist perspective
38
Danvis and Morre criticisms
- Other criteria could influence their choices in career - Marxist view says that social mechanisms ensure class inequality is reproduced from generation to generstion
39
Meritocracy
Social system that rewards merit rather than inherited status
40
Role allocation
Giving roles to those individuals with the best talents and skills necessary for the demands of the role
41
Marxist view on stratification
- Marxists believe that society is stratified and it cannot be eliminated
42
Feminist view on stratification
- Feminists believe that the patriarchal system must be overthrown for society to change its stratification, which is unlikely to happen - Stratification cannot be eliminated and society remains stratified
43
Functionalist view of stratification
Social stratification is important in society as a person has achieved their status
44
Examples of stratified societies
- Slavery system - Caste system - Estate system - Class system
45
Slavery (transatlantic)
Ascribed, closed system
46
Caste
Ascribed, closed
47
Estates
achieved, open
48
Class
achieved, open
49
Criticisms of Weber’s view on class
- Men and women form the same social position don’t necessarily occupy the same market situation - FUNCTIONALISTS would see Weber’s analysis as over-structural - MARXISTS would say that the wealthiest members of society will tend to be the most powerful , whilst the poor remain powerless
50
Lumpenproletariat
The lowest level of the working class in nineteenth century society
51
advantages of globalisation
- creates wealth - brings new opportunities - raises living standards

Sociology (5 decks)

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