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AQA Sociology > social stratification > Flashcards

social stratification Flashcards

1
Q

equality

A

everyone has the same ‘start point’, everyone is treated equal

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2
Q

equity

A

people are given help to reach the same ‘end point’

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3
Q

welfare state

A

system where the state provides benefits in areas such as employment, medicine, education and housing

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4
Q

globalisation criticisms

A
  • decline in employment in manufacturing
  • global forces as a driving shift in employment to secondary labour market
  • a ‘job for life’ is increasingly rare
  • Use of migrant labour to reduce costs
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5
Q

factors of globalisation

A
  • increased interconnectedness
  • interdependence
  • outsourcing
  • developing / developed world
  • redcar in the north east
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6
Q

increased interconnectedness

A

due to improved transport, technology and communication links

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7
Q

interdependence

A

between nation states resulting in WORLD ECONOMIC ORDER across border

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8
Q

outsourcing

A

results in job losses in developed countries

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9
Q

developing / developed world

A

alleviates poverty in developing world
increasing poverty in developed world

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10
Q

redcar in the north east

A

example of a business devastated in 2015 with the closure of its steel works

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11
Q

Murray’s view of the welfare state (1980)

A

New Right

suggested things to base welfare state on
- people respond to incentives and disincentives
- people will avoid work to behave badly if there’s no reason to work or behave well
- people must be held responsible for their actions if society is to function properly

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12
Q

Murray’s three laws

A
  1. Law of imperfect selection
  2. Law of unintended rewards
  3. Law of net harm

Murray proposed the welfare system should be abolished

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13
Q

Criticisms of Murray’s view

A
  • lone parenthood is not a sign of the growing underclass
  • underclass can be seen as victims of inequality rather than the cause of social problems
  • Murrays statistics are selective
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14
Q

Underclass

A

Those that are deprived, rejected by working class resort to deviant behaviour to achieve societies basic goals

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15
Q

Standard state of poverty

A

Official statistics calculated on individual environment to claim benefits

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16
Q

Relative income

A

Based on income that falls below the average for similar houses

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17
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Lack of resources to engage in customary activities/ living conditions

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18
Q

Peter Townsend

A

Identified the three definitions for poverty
- State standard of poverty
- Relative income
- Relative deprivation

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19
Q

5 Contributions towards describing poverty

A
  1. Seebohm Rowntree
  2. Peter Townsend
  3. Social mobility and child poverty commission
  4. Social metric commission
  5. Kelloggs
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20
Q

Marxist view on poverty

A

Poverty is a consequence of capitalism due to inequalities and unfairness of capitalism

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21
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Inability to satisfy even the basic needs for food, shelter and clothing

22
Q

Inter generational social mobility

A

Movement between the generations of a family, occurs when a child enters a different class from their parents

23
Q

Intra generational social mobility

A

Movement of an individual between social classes over their lifetime

24
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement of people up or down a society’s strata.
Can be achieved by marrying into a family with a higher social class

25
Q

Petty bourgeoisie

A

Lower middle class owners of small businesses. They would join the proletariat.

26
Q

Instrumentalism

A

describes the attitudes of some working class people towards their jobs and any form of collective action

27
Q

life chances

A

opportunities to provide material goods, positive living conditions and cultural capital
Factors that determine the ability to access education and employment

28
Q

Sexuality and life chances

A
  • Homosexuality was a criminal offence until 1967
  • Homophobic bullying in schools prevents LGBT kids from pursuing their passions
  • Fear of homophobia still prevents people from expressing themselves
  • 79 countries still have anti-homosexuality laws
29
Q

Age and life chances

A
  • Ageism is more common in younger groups
  • High levels of age discrimination is faced by older people
  • Elderly can suffer from age discrimination
30
Q

Gender and life chances

A
  • Women are more likely to be in lower paid jobs
  • Women are more likely to be in the instrumental role whereas men are more likely to be in the role of a breadwinner
  • Despite this, woman’s employment has expanded over time
31
Q

Ethnicity and life chances

A
  • Ethnicity has given some people a disadvantage when it comes to a premature death
  • Historically, most minority groups have experienced discrimination
    -Prejudice
32
Q

Religion and life chances

A
  • Religious belief is a source of direct and indirect discrimination
  • Media highlights cases where people of religion feel as though they’re being discriminated against
33
Q

Disability and life chances

A
  • Affect how people are treated systematically and in everyday life
  • Labelled as inefficiency workers, stigma that they’re unable to work
  • Significant levels of underachievement amongst disabled children
34
Q

Social class and life chances

A
  • Inequalities are played down as post modernists claim that, “class is dead”
  • Inequalities overlooked as media focus is elsewhere
  • Income and wealth allow rich to enjoy a better health and longer life expectancy
35
Q

Weber’s four broad categories (Social class)

A
  1. Property owning class (individuals with economic power)
  2. Professional middle class (intellectual)
  3. Petty bourgeoisie (Lower middle class owners of small businesses)
  4. Manual working class
36
Q

Criticisms of Marx’s view on class

A
  • Ignores presence of meritocracy
  • Over-deterministic and ignores gender
  • Little attention to other factors
  • Capitalism is still used in todays society, its more stable than anticipated (outdated!)
37
Q

Danvis and moore key study

A
  • Argue that social strat is a universal necessity because society. is based upon meritocracy
  • Society will pay more for functionally important jobs
  • Higher wages act as an incentive for talented/hardworking individuals
  • More ambitious = more rewards
  • Functionalist perspective
38
Q

Danvis and Morre criticisms

A
  • Other criteria could influence their choices in career
  • Marxist view says that social mechanisms ensure class inequality is reproduced from generation to generstion
39
Q

Meritocracy

A

Social system that rewards merit rather than inherited status

40
Q

Role allocation

A

Giving roles to those individuals with the best talents and skills necessary for the demands of the role

41
Q

Marxist view on stratification

A
  • Marxists believe that society is stratified and it cannot be eliminated
42
Q

Feminist view on stratification

A
  • Feminists believe that the patriarchal system must be overthrown for society to change its stratification, which is unlikely to happen
  • Stratification cannot be eliminated and society remains stratified
43
Q

Functionalist view of stratification

A

Social stratification is important in society as a person has achieved their status

44
Q

Examples of stratified societies

A
  • Slavery system
  • Caste system
  • Estate system
  • Class system
45
Q

Slavery (transatlantic)

A

Ascribed, closed system

46
Q

Caste

A

Ascribed, closed

47
Q

Estates

A

achieved, open

48
Q

Class

A

achieved, open

49
Q

Criticisms of Weber’s view on class

A
  • Men and women form the same social position don’t necessarily occupy the same market situation
  • FUNCTIONALISTS would see Weber’s analysis as over-structural
  • MARXISTS would say that the wealthiest members of society will tend to be the most powerful , whilst the poor remain powerless
50
Q

Lumpenproletariat

A

The lowest level of the working class in nineteenth century society

51
Q

advantages of globalisation

A
  • creates wealth
  • brings new opportunities
  • raises living standards

AQA Sociology (5 decks)

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