Social Science Final Flashcards
the enclosure movement
how wealthy landowners enclosed communally owned lands
- before movement was the open field system
-land was divided where the villagers could collectively keep their animals and other resources
-there were no physical barriers with open field system
-enclosure movement came to be due to the enclosure acts which was passed by parliament
-enclosure allowed for greater productivity and efficiency
modern farming techniques could be introduced
-peasants who lived on the lands initially were displaced and lost their rights to common land
-many of these lower class people were forced to live in the cities and contribute to the workforce (modern market relationship)
-enclosure reinforced social class divisions and hierarchies (made the wealthy wealthier and the poor poorer)
-transitioned from traditional working (lord/commoner) relationships to market relationships
-ALLOWED FOR MARKET THINKING
-changed the nature/experience of work and social relationships
-Liberalism sees it as progress, marx and engels see it as slavery (no longer free to control your own destiny or your own labor)
the old regime
-refers to the social, political, and economic system that existed in France before the French Revolution
-old regime was centered on hierarchical and fuedal system
- distinct social classes
-centralized power in the monarchy (absolute monarchy)
-despotism (cruel and oppressive way of ruling
- lots of religious influence during this time
-widespread discontent which led to the revolution
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the marseillaise
-French rebellion song by Claude Joseph which was then adopted as an anthem of revolution
- tells story about what the revolution is against and what the children of the fatherland are called to do
-in the song, lists enemies such as the kings, despots, slaves, tyranny, slavery
- hymn to freedom
-explains why the french revolution takes a violent turn (government was overcompensating for their political weakness)
- created a sense of nationalism, people came together to fight
principia mathematica
-isaac newton
-newtons description of the cosmos
(a universe governed by physical laws of motion and gravitation, expressed in)
-Issac Newton’s theory that answers the question: Is a more rational society also a society that is more humane?
-Logical forms of mathematics, rationality, and natural physical laws proved that the universe is orderly and worlds by scientific laws & principles
“the industrious and the rational”
-Part of the Liberal “Imagined Order” by John Locke
“God gave the world to the use of the industrious and the rational.”
-individual liberty
-Adam Smith claims that humans are naturally rational, naturally productive and economic activity is meant to be pursued
-mostly in reference to men, not women
-ties into liberalism: a vision of society that takes individual liberty to be the highest aim (social order based on private property)
-private property does not require consent
-liberal ideology which then became a phrase to justify inequality
malleus maleficarum
The Hammer of the Witches”, a book that argued in favor of the existence of witches, published by a German-Dominican Monk in the 1480s. It also argued that they worked for the devil, and it gave readers tips on how to spot them and how to “exterminate them”. The author acted as if he were of some religious authority, which gave the book significant traction, even though he was really not that important. Elites began to read this book, and they were able to criminalize witchcraft, which caused them to be legally prosecuted in trial.
-Held major significance for credibility against witches, as ruling elites validated both their existence & criminality
–witch trials brought large amounts of people together to reach a common goal of eliminating the witches who were seen to be affecting their livelihood
“the principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation”
-from the declaration of the rights of man and citizen
-power to the people (political power derives from the people)
-challenges absolutism
-*Liberalism: a vision of society that takes individual liberty to be the highest aim.(liberty)
*Nationalism: a vision of society that takes the needs and well-being of the nation to be the highest aim. (fraternity)
-The Reform Act of 1832:
a triumph of the “industrious and the rational” in which the people are represented through multiple POVS
the steam engine
-james watts steam engine (1769)
-the steam engine allowed for people to travel greater distances and to have multiple methods of travel (land and sea)
-made it much easier to live and work
- people were able to connect with one another since travel was more accessible
-liverpool/manchester line
-importance of time became universal (everyone had to be on the same time schedule)
-more integrated economy and people are willing to move
-STEAM ENGINE—-> represents a decisive rupture from the traditional relationship with nature, and the ways we can manipulate it—technology allows us to manipulate. Shift in SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, in which the father commutes for work and the mother stays home, nurturing the children nd creating status out of home ownership
the coffeehouse
-where people went to exchange ideas and discuss news
-they were known as the public sphere where people learned from one another
- people were free to express their own opinions
- coffeehouses were essentially the press and was a space that the state could not intrude
-Development of “Public Opinion” as people are enthusiastic to speak about printed material with an equal playing field and lowered judgement, challenging the legitimacy of an absolute monarchy and becoming the “supreme judge” of discussions on religion and government instead of the clergy, kings, & ministers. The weight that people attatch to PO allows them to come up with new ideologies and “isms” (aka myths) to legitimize new ideologies and forms of how society should be (free market, natural rights, science, PO=Liberalism)
market thinking
-Market thinking—thinking in terms of economic profit and loss.
-An ideology that sprouted from industrialization
-Away from community thinking to the individual
-“The wealth of nations” by Adam Smith states how trade is a natural activity
-Humans are naturally rational, naturally social, naturally productive (we are naturally predisposed to market thinking)
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sugar islands
-slave trade in the 18th century
-Sugar, coffee, cocoa/chocolate, tobacco and indigo were commodities produced in the New World using slave labor
British and frenchm,
Sugar was Britan’s most valuable import, increased the need for slaves
-Increase in wealth & commodities (middle & high-class) , economies of scale and labor specialization. Consumer demand in Europe for sugar, coffee, tobacco, etc. drove the 18th century slave trade; sugar plantations require a large & substantial labor force because they are expensive to start up. Used to make a product, separating producers & consumers. Prices rose for slaves who were justified by “natural” differences in skin color
the court of public opinion
- private citizens would come together to discuss public affairs and exchange ideas
- a challenge of legitimacy of absolute monarchy
-Though the court of public opinion was an idea, coffee houses often served as communal centers where anyone (given they had 2 pence) could discuss and exchange sentiments on current events.
-The weight that people attach to PO challenges the courts that appeal to the monarch (myth of the PO vs. the monarch)…the public opinion becomes the methodology of how good ideas can be arrived at. With the creation of PO, the court of PO becomes the supreme judge of discussions off religion and government rather than the king & ministers. This collectivist approach brings people together to oppose the monarchy as done in the French Revolution.
alienation
-Capitalism makes members of the working class “alien to themselves.”Communist Manifesto (Mark & Engles)
-used to justify the qualms of the Bureaucracy, which have stripped emotionality and traditions of social relations, power in the hands of the very few, urbanization & urbanization, loss of political identity
SMITH: developing your “human essence” to create, vs. capitalism is using your human labor to generate profit for someone else (your subsistence/life depends on your ability to work)
-people lived and breathed work, were seen as machines
-alienating self from work (you are an extension of your labor)
-freedom means to have control over the conditions of your labor
- people can take your labor and sell for personal gains
-alienation is inevitable when you can control your labor and cannot create your own community
-labor seen as a way to separate people instead of connect with one another
press, parliament, and market
-classical liberalism is the vision of society that takes individual liberty to the highest aim
-protection of the individual rights of freedom to criticize society
-Right to private property, liberty to pursue self-interest in the market.
-with a free press, free market, and limited government interference, ideologies of self-interest and competition are encouraged. All of these institutions of a liberal society work together for any governing body to come together and make decisions, bringing large numbers of people together who exchange multiple POVs & political visions, leading to PROGRESS!!!
“bureaucracy develops the more perfectly the more it is ‘dehumanized’”
-from the text “bureaucracy” by Max Weber
- discusses how emotions are subjective
-by eliminating the human aspect from bureaucracy, actions become more calculated and easier to manipulate (Lessens human responses and elevates rational objective calculable responses)
-industrious vs. the rational
- bureaucracy is more complex with modernization/more to manage
-Bureaucracy is good at making decisions quick, efficiently and with minimum cost (just like a machine)
-Superior when you prioritize efficiency, speed, and cost
-Weber and Marx connection: modern production leads to alienation and is dehumanizing
-can mention the sadler report and how the factory managers controlled every moment of their workers lives (schedules were very strict)
-begs the question of being modern means being less human
