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CSET Multiple Subject -subset 1 (reading, language and literatute) > Social Science and History > Flashcards

Social Science and History Flashcards

1
Q

Why was it ideal to live in Mesopotamia (present day Iraq)

A

Ideal fertile land led to farming, allowed people to stay in one location
Allowed for specialization- people were able to focus on Neolithic

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2
Q

Geography of Mesopotamia effected

A

Open easy to invade, a lot of different civilizations conceded this area and took each other over

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3
Q

Two other civilizations that lived in Mesopotamia

A

Persians, babylons

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4
Q

First civilization on earth and their successes

A

Sumerians
Invented the wheel, first systems of mathematics, earliest writing systems (cuneiform), complex irrigation systems from the Tigris and Euphrates

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5
Q

Sumerian religious views

A

Polytheistic (many gods)

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6
Q

Who conquered Sumerians and their language

A

Semites

Spoke Hebrew

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7
Q

Babylons and their characteristics

A

2000-1500 BCE
Single city state ruled vast empire like a government
Culture recorded by scribes
First legal code

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8
Q

Ziggurat

A

Center of Babylonia and Sumerian cultural religious center piece in town served as temple, storehouse and meeting place

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9
Q

Phonecians

A

Dominated Mediterranean
2900 BCE - 600 CE
Made: glass, purple dye (rare expensive symbol of royalty)
Alphabetic development

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10
Q

Four River Valley civilizations (and geographical location)

A

Mesopotamia (southwest Asia)

Egypt (northeastern Africa)

India (Southern Asia)

China (east Asia)

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11
Q

Mesopotamian developments (5)

A

Writing (cuneiform)

Organized government

Written law code (Hammurabi’s code)

Systematized religion (Zoroastrianism)

Astronomy; astrology

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12
Q

Egyptian developments (4)

A

Complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance (pharaoh)

Writing (hieroglyphs)

Engineering and building (pyramids)

Mathematics

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13
Q

Indian developments (4)

A

Urban culture

Planned cities (ie: citywide sanitation systems)

Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin)

Measurement (wait, time, length, mass)

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14
Q

Chinese developments (3)

A

Writing

Commerce

Government

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15
Q

What comprised the ancient Near East (geography)

A

Tigris and Euphrates valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Nile Valley

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16
Q

Cultural contributions associated with the ancient Near East (6)

A

The first system of independent states

The first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics)

The first massive architectural achievements (ziggurat and pyramids)

The first lasting monotheism

The beginning of science, mathematics, and astronomy

First codification of law

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17
Q

Six achievements of Mesopotamian civilization’s

A
  1. Sumerians were the creators of Mesopotamian civilization (3500-3000 BCE)
  2. Babylonians conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300-1750 BCE)
  3. The Hitties (2000-1200 BCE) conquered much of Asia minor and northern Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the inventing of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare
  4. Syrians created an Empire based on military superiority, conquest and terrorism (911-500 BCE)
  5. The Chaldeans established the New Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 BCE)
  6. The Persians attempted to unify the Near East under one rule (500s BCE)
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18
Q

Samarian’s creators of Mesopotamian civilization

Achievements

A

3500-3000 BCE

Material progress included large scale irrigation projects, and advance system of mathematics, and the invention of the wheel

The ziggurat was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse and treasury

Sargon established the first empire (c. 2371 BCE)

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19
Q

Babylonian conquered Samaria

Achievements

A

The code of Hammurabi was the first universal written codification of laws in recorded history (c. 1750 BCE)

Babylonian achievements included a centralized government and advancements in algebra and geometry

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20
Q

Assyrians creation of empire

Achievements

A

Military techniques included seige warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons

Assyria created a centralized government, the Postal Service, and extensive library, and a system of highways

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21
Q

The Chaldeans established New Babylonia under Nebuchadnezzar

Achievements

A

They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine

They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievement such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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22
Q

Persians attempt to unify near east

Achievements

A

Persia established international government

Zoroastrianism was an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil

Persia failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-331 BCE)

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23
Q

Unique contributions of smaller civilizations of Near East (3)

A

The Phonecians became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers at the age of mild; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 BCE

The Lydia’s occupied Western Asia Minor (500s BCE)

The Israelites established the first long-lasting monotheism

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24
Q

Phonecian contributions (2)

A

Invented the first true alphabet

Dominated Mediterranean, exported manufacture glass and purple dye (royal purple)

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25
Q

Lydian contributions (2)

A

Their culture reached it’s under King Croesus (Golden King)

They were responsible for the first coinage of money

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26
Q

Israelite contributions (4)

A

Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 BCE)

After the death of Solomon (922 BCE) The Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah)

Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 BCE) and Judah (584 BCE)

The result of the Israelites from resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (70 CE) and the Forst dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora 132-135 CE)

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27
Q

Egyptian civilization characteristics (2)

A

Defensible orders generally spirit Egypt from the repeated political disruptions characteristic of Mesopotamia

Egyptian history can be broadly outlined into specific time periods that reflect the changes taking place in Egypt over a 3000-year period

28
Q

Important aspects of Egyptian culture (7)

A

Egyptian life was dominated by concerns for the afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh

Medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions

The Egyptians invented a hieroglyphic writing system

Commerce flourished throughout Arabia, India, and parts of Africa

Agriculture was the basis of the economy

Monumental architecture reflected remarkable building and engineering feat, as well as mathematical precision

Annual flooding of the Nile was the basis for sustained economy; the Nile had an impact on all Egyptian society

29
Q

Ancient Greek geography

A

Islands, mountains and valleys surrounding Aegean Sea

30
Q

Civilization in Ancient Greece (4)

A

Minoan
Mycenaean
Hellenic
Hellenistic

31
Q

Ancient Greek innovations that provide foundational role in western civilization presently (5)

A

Arts, architecture, lecture, philosophy and government

32
Q

The Greek world

Years

A

4000 - 323 BCE

33
Q

Greek contributions to:

Warfare

A

Organized warfare: Mycenae; Sparta –phalanx

34
Q

Greek contributions to: literature

A

epic poetry (Iliad, odyssey)

plays (drama, tragedy, comedy)

35
Q

Greek contributions: history

A

Herodotus (the Persian Wars)

Thucydides (The Peliponnesian War)

36
Q

Greek contributions to architecture

A

Columns and Colonades

Parthenon

37
Q

Greek contributions to art

A

Theater, sculpture, decorative pottery

38
Q

Greek contributions to government

A

Democracy (Athens)

Oligarchy (Sparta)

Bureaucracy (Alexander the Great)

39
Q

Implications of geography on Greek civilization

A

Scarcity of good agricultural land encourage seafaring in eastern Greece

The southern Midland, with adequate agricultural resources, relied on farming

40
Q

Minoan civilization of Crete

A

C. 4000-1400 BCE

Prosperity based on expensive commerce

41
Q

Mycenaean civilization

A

C. 2000-1150 BCE

developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare

42
Q

Dorians conquered what territory and its implications

A

Peloponnesus (peninsula southern Greece)

Ushered in a “dark age “characterized by violence and instability (c. 1150-800 BCE)

43
Q

Ionia is the birthplace for what civilization

A

Hellenic

44
Q

Greek civilization was dominated by Athens and Sparta

A

Direct democracy was established in Athens c. 507 BCE

The Age of Pericles (460-429 BCE) represented the zenith of Athenian society and the height of its democracy

Athens became a world commercial center and cosmopolitan city

Sparta develop a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system

After defeating the Persians, conflict between Athens and Sparta dominated Greek politics

45
Q

The Peloponnesian war and its historical implications

A

431-404 BCE
Devastated both Sparta and Athens (and their Greek city-state allies)

Sparta was victorious but on able to unite the Greek city-states

Greek individualism was a catalyst in the collapse of the Greek city-state alliances

46
Q

Alexander the Great’s info and accomplishments

A

356-323 BCE, Macedonia

Established the Hellenic age (The fusion of Greek culture with the East)

Conquered Persia, Asia minor, and Egypt and established a world empire

Bureaucracy replaced the polis (city-state) as the form of government

47
Q

Contributions to the Greek world (3)

A

Greeks founded most of the major philosophical schools, establish the systematic basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances and shipbuilding and commerce

Greek civilization establish democracy and a system of law to improve society

And architecture, sculpture, art, literature, and the performing arts, the Greeks were dominant

48
Q

The Latin tribe rose to a great Republic on the Italian peninsula, and then

A

A great Mediterranean empire

49
Q

Roman empire extended to

A

Western Europe, the near east, and North Africa

50
Q

Roman contributions to law

A

Rule of law/equality before the law

Civil and contract law codes

51
Q

Roman contribution to engineering and architecture

A

Concrete, art, Roman roads, aqueducts and cisterns, monumental buildings

52
Q

Roman contributions to culture

A

History

Literature: Virgil (Aeneid) Ovid (Metamorphoses)

Rhetoric

53
Q

Byzantine civilization accomplishments (5)

A

Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved

Center for world trade and exchange of culture

Codification of Roman law (“Justinian code”)

Eastern church (Greek orthodox) converted Slavic people to Christianity

New focus on art; glorification of Christianity

54
Q

Byzantine Empire success (4)

A

Economic prosperity by dominating commercial trade routes controlled by Constantinople and monopoly of silk trade

Used diplomacy to avoid invasions and were geographically distant from tribes who sacked Rome

Codification of Roman law by Justinian (CE 528-565) strengthened the bureaucracy

Constantinople was a fortress city with excellent defensible borders

55
Q

Reasons for decline of Byzantine Empire (5)

A

Geographic proximity to other growing groups (Arabs, Slavs, Turks)

Loss of commercial dominance over the Italians

Religious controversy with the west and a subsequent split of the Roman Catholic Church

The sack of Constantinople during the fourth Crusade

The fall of Constantinople marking the end of the empire (CE 1453)

56
Q

Byzantine achievements (4)

A

Preserve the heritage of Greco-Roman civilization while West was culturally stagnant

Spread civilization to all of Eastern Europe

Preserve the Eastern Orthodox Church

Economic strength based on stability of its money economy

57
Q

Islamic empire included

A

Mesopotamia, Persia, all of north Africa and southwestern Asia

58
Q

Muslim contributions to institutions

4

A

Hospitals, medical schools, libraries, universities

59
Q

Muslim contributions to globalization

3

A

Exploration

Work of scholars

Trade (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, china sea)

60
Q

Muslim contributions to agriculture

3

A

Cash crops, crop rotation, irrigation

61
Q

Muslim contributions to science

3

A

Methodology; theory and experimentation

Astrolabe

Alchemy

62
Q

Muscle contribution to mathematics 4

A

Algebra, algorithms, Arabic numerals, decimal point

63
Q

Muslim contributions to arts

4

A

Calligraphy, illuminated manuscript, glazed pottery, Persian and Arabian mythology

64
Q

Muslim Contributions to medicine

4

A

Foreceps, bone saw, scalpel, surgical needle

65
Q

Muslim contributions to technology

4

A

Mechanical clocks, pointed arch, stained glass, windmill

CSET Multiple Subject -subset 1 (reading, language and literatute) (2 decks)

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