Language Arts Flashcards
Alphabetic principle
A symbol looks like the oral sound
Ex: English
Logographic
Symbols represent meaning
EX: Chinese language
Phonology
The rule system within a language by which the smallest unit of sound can change the meaning of a word and are sequenced, and uttered to represent the meanings
Morpheme
Any of the minimal grammatical units of a language, each constituting a word or meaningful part of the word, that cannot be divided into smaller independent parts
example: as the
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound
Vowel
Invoiced speech sound made without stoppage or friction of the airflow as it passes through the vocal tract example: a or E
Phonemic Awareness
The ability to recognize that words in print are made up of individual sounds
knows the word is made up of letters and those letters represent sound that is phonic awareness
Phonics
The relationship between the letters and the sounds they represent
A form of reading instruction with help teach sound – symbol correspondence in order to help students sound out words
Morphology
Study of meaningful units of language called morphemes
Example: Un-believe-ably
Each piece has some meaning
Derivational morpheme
The prefix or suffix used to create one word from another
example: unbelievable and unbelievably
Root
The core of a word
Example: un(believe)able
Affix
A group of letters that are added to the beginning or the end of a root word that changes its meaning
Prefix
And affix that comes at the beginning of a word
Example: contra-, anti-, homo-
Suffix
A series of letters added to the end of a word
Suffix categories (2)
Inflectional: changes the understanding without changing its meaning example cookies, walked, biggest
derivational: changes the meaning of a word example – ask, – less, –-ish
Conjugating verbs
Changing a verb to show a different person, tents, number or mood
example: I am, I was, I will be, I am, she is, they are
Syntax
Study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences and the patterns by which the words are combined to form phrases
Preposition
Relationship between any two things (relationship)
Example: the puppy is IN the trash can
Indefinite article
A, an
Used to refer to something for the first time or for to a particular member of a group or class
Signal that a noun is going to follow
Adjective
Modifies a noun; descriptive
example: good, large, different
Pronoun
Takes the place of a noun
example: he, she, everybody
Infinite verb
Can be used as a noun, adjective, adverbs
almost always starts with “to “then followed by simple form of verb
example: to sleep, to look
Adverb
A word that modifies a verb, adjective or other adverb
Where, when, how, to what extent and action is performed
Example: he ran here. She ran fastest. He is an extremely nice fellow
Semantics
The meaning of a word, phrase, sentence or text
Pragmatics
Situational context, verbal town, body language, knowledge and beliefs of the speaker, and the relationship between the speaker can contribute to how the meaning of a word, clause or sentences are interpreted
Telegraphic speech
Using the most essential phrases
example: daddy play
Non-nativeiest
Theory: no specific biological process for hardwiring your brain, language is a large physiological and social function
Acquisition of subset languages
1) silent period: Practicing internal private speech
2) formulaic speech: employs memorized speech
3) experimental phase: learners begin to say impromptu phrases
4) fluency: right rate and pace, command of the language
4 main stages of literacy development
1) pre-alphabetic (emergent)
2) early alphabetic (beginning)
3) late alphabetic
4) orthographic (fluent)
Pre-alphabetic stage
First stage of literacy development (emergent)
PreK-K
Student reads left to right, top to bottom, learn basic visual cues or certain letters
Early alphabetic stage
2nd stage of literacy development (beginning)
K-1
Students are starting to read letters and represent sounds, begin to learn phonemic awareness
May spell Cat Kat
Late alphabetic stage
3rd stage of literacy development
1st grade
Student able to include bowels and begin to recognize groups of letters that make up a single speech sound (phonograms)
student use phonemic awareness to decode unknown words
Orthographic
Fourth stage of literacy development
Student reading speed and accuracy increase
Writing becomes more accurate
Grades 2 to 3
language and reading and writing development
Simple structure
Able to write in chronological order
Common genre = every day life situations or fantasy
Introduce figurative language, different perspectives
Grade 6 to 8 reading
Multiple levels of meaning or themes
- internal or Extertal character conflict
- more complex meanings
- different perspectives from their own
Indicators of fluency in reading
Fluency= accuracy, pacing, prosody
Accuracy = correct pronunciation of words
Pacing = reading text at the correct speed (speed of daily speech)
Prosody = Reading with expression, phrasing, pitch, volume, punctuation and innotation
As reading abilities increase, so does…
Spelling skills, vocabulary, comprehension
Edomology
The study of the historic and cultural origins of words
Can send clues about words (denotive/connotative meanings)
Denotative meaning
Specific and direct meaning (dictionary definition)
Connotative meaning
A secondary meaning associated with a word (emotions and other associations)
Basic assessment techniques
Aural: listening skills
Oral: speaking skills
Sentence types (4)
Declarative: makes a statement
Interrogative: questions something
Imperative: tells someone to do something
Exclamatory: says something with excitement
Usage (applies to language)
Application of the rules of morphology, syntax, semantics
Faulty parallelism
Clauses within a sentence do not share the same tense and form
Example: I am going to the store and went to the sea
Affect vs. effect
Affect: usually a verb, to change or influence something
Effect: usually a noun, something that happens due to a cause
When you affect something, it produces an effect
Ascent vs. assent
Ascent: to go up
Assent: to give permission
Proper noun
A noun that names of specific person, place or thing
Spelled with a capital letter
Semi colon
;
1) separate two closely related clauses
2) separates list items that contain internal commas
3) used to produce a pause longer than a comma
Aristotle’s three ways to persuade someone
1) ethos: credibility of the speaker
2) pathos: appeal to emotion
3) logos: appeal to logic
Subjective writing
Subjects that the writer’s primary focus is to express personal experiences, feelings or ideas
Objective
Unbiased
Literary elements
Concepts and conventions of texts
Themes, characters, plots and literary devices (story line)
Archetype
A symbol, image, plot pattern or character type that often occurs in literature
Example: a hero on a dangerous quest
Paradox
A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd, but in reality expresses a possible truth
Monologue
Speech given by a single unit/ speaker
A form of Drammatic entertainment
Soliloquy
A long speech in which a character talks to him/herself as if alone
Often used to disclose a character’s inner most feelings and thoughts
Analogy
Comparison between two things
Metaphor: doesn’t use like/as
Simile: like or as to compare
Poetry meter
Rhythm or beat by the language being used
Alliteration
Repetition of word sounds to create an effect
Example: around the rock the ragged rascal ran
Allegorical
And extension metaphor where parts of the story have meeting beyond the literal level
Noun
People, places, things
The SUN shines. ANNA goes to SCHOOL
Pronoun
Replaces nouns
Example: he, I, it’s, me, she, who
JOHN is hungry. HE wants to eat.
Verb
Show action or being
The dog and cat ARE RUN ING
Adjectives
Describe nouns
Conjunctions
Connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences
And, or, either, because, since, so, but, etc.
I was tired SO I went to sleep
Interjections
Exclamations that expresses strong feelings
No! Phew! Hi! Gosh!
Whole language approach to teaching English
Emphasizes sounding out words
Weakness to this approach is that not all words are spelled frenetically
Onset and rime
Parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes
Onset
The initial consonant(s) sounds of a syllable
Onset of bag is b-, swim is sw-
Rime
The part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it
Rime of bag is -ag, swim is -im
