Social Science 2 Flashcards by Ceshailina Joyce Chiong

The study of the past, as such it covers all aspects of human society.

History

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two main parts of history

Pre-history and written history

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Characterized as time before documentation

Pre-history

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Invented by the Chinese 6,000 years ago

Written history

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the development of social and cultural aspects

Humanization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the change of appearance from pre-historic to modern humans

Hominization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

focus on pre-written history

Archaeologists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

focus on the culture – the way of life of people

Anthropologists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

focus on fossils or proof of early life preserved in rocks

Paleontologists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

early human-like species
existed around 4 million – 8 million years ago

Hominids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o existed around 4 million to 2 million years ago
o First to walk upright
o Lived in small social groups
o Used sticks and stones to survive

Australopithecus (Southern apes)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 7 characteristics of Australopithecus

Broad faces
Flat noses
Large teeth
Small brain
Prominent brow bone
Long arms and legs
Less than four feet tall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 types of species in Australopithecus

Australopithecus ramidus
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus robustus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o Stood about 1.2 meters tall
o Foramen magnus was large showing the ability to walk upright
o Forelimbs – different from other human-like species
o Had teeth like humans

Australopithecus ramidus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o ‘Lucy’ belonged to this species
o Lived in Africa
o Shorter than Australopithecus ramidus
o Had small skull with large teeth and jaws, flat noses and no chin
o Can walk on two legs but the legs were bent slightly
o Climbed and lived in trees

Australopithecus afarensis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o Lived in Africa
o Walked on two legs
o Had a smaller skull with smaller brains compared to Homo erectus but larger than their predecessors
o Had larger jaws and larger teeth compared to modern-day humans
o Were herbivorous

Australopithecus africanus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o Tallest and heaviest Australopithecines
o Still ape-like

Australopithecus robustus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

collectively called “gracile species” (“gracefully slender”)

Paranthropus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 characteristics of Paranthropus

Large faces
Pronounced sagittal crests
Large jaws
Larger back teeth and smaller front ones compared to Australopithecus and early humans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 species of Paranthropus

Paranthropus aethiopicus (“black skull”)
Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus boise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o Lived about 2.0 – 1.4 million years ago
o Had the smallest brain in the Paranthropus species
o Had a large sagittal crest

Paranthropus aethiopicus (“black skull”)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o Lived about 2.0 – 1.4 million years ago
o Had strong jaws and very large teeth

Paranthropus robustus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o Lived about 2.0-1.4 million years ago
o Bigger than Paranthropus robustus
o Had prominent sagittal crests
o Had large grinding teeth capable of cracking hard nuts and dry seeds
o Ate grasses, leaves, roots, and possibly even meat

Paranthropus boise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o Descendant of the Australopithecus
o Includes both the ancestral or closely related Homo sapiens (modern humans) and extinct species

Genus Homo

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 5 characteristics of genus homo

1. Relatively large brains 2. Erect posture 3. Bipedalism 4. Hands with opposable thumbs 5. Capable of making tools

What are the 3 species of Genus Homo

1. Homo habilis (handy man) 2. Homo erectus (upright man) 3. Homo Sapiens (wise man)

o Discovered in the Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania by Louis Leakey in the 1960’s o Had a larger brain size compared to Australopithecus o Stood around 5 feet tall and erect o May have been able to speak o Possibly created the first stone tool o Lived in social groups

Homo habilis (handy man)

2 example of Homo erectus (upright man)

1. The Java man (Homo erectus erectus, or Pithecanthropus erectus) 2. Peking man (Homo erectus pekinensis or Sinanthropus pekinesis)

Other word for the java man

Pithecanthropus erectus

Other words for peking man

Sinanthropus pekinesis

o Modern Humans

Homo sapiens (wise man)

2 classification of Homo Sapiens (wise man)

A. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis B. Homo sapiens sapiens

▪ “Neanderthal man” ▪ Larger brain size compared to modern man ▪ Gigantic in size ranging from 1,200 cc to 1,750 cc ▪ Had a large head and powerful jaw ▪ Had muscular bodies ▪ Ate meat and created the tools that show they were hunters ▪ Lived in canes ▪ Lived in groups and forage for food

A. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

▪ “modern-day man” ▪ Smaller size and brain size compared to the neanderthal man ▪ Small jaw ▪ Round skull ▪ More noticeable chin ▪ Spread wider in Europe, Australia, and the Americas ▪ Omnivores ▪ Developed the power of thinking, producing art, and more sophisticated tools and sentiments

Homo sapiens sapiens

What are the 5 Supporting thoughts on Human Adaptation and Evolution

• Savannah theory • Turnover pulse hypothesis • Red queen hypothesis • The social brain hypothesis • The social brain hypothesis

- Suggests that hominids were pushed from the trees they lived and into the growing savannah - Suggests that hominids adapted due to aridification (posited an extension of the savannah due to increasingly arid conditions)

• Savannah theory

- Notes that specialist animals are more harmed by extinctions due to environmental factors than the generalist ones

• Turnover pulse hypothesis

- Notes that organisms will continue to evolve to cope with the animals that co-evolve with them

• Red queen hypothesis

- Suggests that by improving cognitive capacities

• The social brain hypothesis

- States around 70,000 years ago there was a near-extinction event for early humans

The theory of the Toba catastrophe

5 Human Adaptation

A. Bipedalism B. Larger brain size C. Longer ontogeny (gesture and infancy) D. Sex distinctions between males and female E. Certain adaptations

has offered many advantages to humans - Freeing hands to hold food, tools, or babies, allowing early humans to appear larger and more intimidating - Led to skeletal changes in the joints of the legs, knees and ankles, spinal vertebrae, toes, and arms

Bipedalism

human brain's ability to continue to develop after birth meant social learning and language were possible. It is possible that the spotlight on meat eating and cooking facilitated the storage of knowledge worth many decades, collecting and processing information, then delivering output, in split seconds; and solving problems and making abstract ideas and pictures.

Larger brain size

longer gestation period and child rearing resulted in the development of social classes that concentrate on the family. Sharing food, taking care of babies and creating social networks helped our ancestors face their environment's everyday challenges. As the ontogeny takes place longer, more parental care and also a home's protective environment are needed. Finally, the proliferation of social networks contributed to the diverse social lives of modern humans.

Longer ontogeny (gesture and infancy)

have been eliminated, and female fertility is all year round and shows no specific sign of fertility. There are also some differences between human sexes, with males being marginally taller and having more hair and less body fat. These improvements often apply to pair bonding for long-term offspring upbringing.

Sex distinctions between males and females

include hair loss, a nose, a lower larynx and emphasis on vision rather than smell.

Certain adaptations

It is the study of the Earth’s physical features, including the study of regional formation and its relation to humans

Geography

Zero degrees latitude. - The equator divides the globe into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

Equator

Imaginary lines running horizontally around the globe. - Zero degrees (0°) latitude is the equator, the widest circumference of the globe.

Latitude lines ( also called parallels)

Imaginary lines running vertically around the globe. Unlike latitude lines, longitude lines are not parallel. - Zero degrees longitude (0°) is called the prime meridian..

Longitude lines (meridians)

A line of latitude located at 23°30′ north of the equator.

Tropic of cancer

- A line of latitude located at 23°30′ south.

Tropic of Capricorn

A line of latitude located at 66°30′ north, delineating the Northern Frigid Zone of the Earth.

Artic circle

- A line of latitude located at 66°30′ south, delineating the Southern Frigid Zone of the Earth

antarctic circle

How many continents are there?

total of seven continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

land area of 44,579,000 (km2) with 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent on Earth. 60% of the total population of the Earth resides here.

ASIA

land area of 30,370,000 (km2) comprises 54 countries. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, the Sahara, occupying 25% of the total area of Africa.

AFRICA

land area of 24,709,000 (km2) and it includes 23 countries led by the USA as the largest economy in the world.

NORTH AMERICA

land area of 17,840,000 (km2) - comprises 12 countries. Here is located the largest forest, the Amazon rainforest, two-thirds of the Amazon rainforest is found in Brazil. Which covers 30% of the South American total area.

SOUTH AMERICA

land area of 14,000,000 (km2) and the coldest continent in the world, completely covered with ice and considered as the coldest continent of the world. There are no permanent inhabitants, except of scientists and researchers stationed for research purposes.

ANTRACTICA

land area of 10,180,000 (km2) comprises 51 countries. Considered as the most economically developed continent due to the European Union as the biggest and economic and political union in the world.

EUROPE

land area of 8,600,000 (km2) that includes 14 countries. It is the least populated continent after Antarctica with only 0.2% of the total Earth’s population.

AUSTRALIA

The 5 Oceans

PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN ARTIC OCEAN

Which continent is largely uninhabited and at the southernmost point of the Earth?

ANTARCTICA

Which ocean is located to the west of North and South America?

Pacific Ocean

Which continent has the biggest land area?

Asia

Which continent has the biggest number of countries?

Africa

Which continent has the fewest people?

Antarctica

Which is the most populous continent?

Asia

Which Ocean is located to the south of Africa?

Southern OcEAN

Which Ocean is between Africa and Asia?

INDIAN OCEAN

Which continent has the smallest area?

AUSTRALIA

Which continent has the least number of countries?

SOUTH AMERICA