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Grade 8 - Sampaguita > Social Science 2 > Flashcards

Social Science 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the past, as such it covers all aspects of human society.

A

History

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2
Q

Two main parts of history

A

Pre-history and written history

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3
Q

Characterized as time before documentation

A

Pre-history

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4
Q

Invented by the Chinese 6,000 years ago

A

Written history

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5
Q

the development of social and cultural aspects

A

Humanization

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6
Q

the change of appearance from pre-historic to modern humans

A

Hominization

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7
Q

focus on pre-written history

A

Archaeologists

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8
Q

focus on the culture – the way of life of people

A

Anthropologists

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9
Q

focus on fossils or proof of early life preserved in rocks

A

Paleontologists

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10
Q
  • early human-like species
  • existed around 4 million – 8 million years ago
A

Hominids

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11
Q

o existed around 4 million to 2 million years ago
o First to walk upright
o Lived in small social groups
o Used sticks and stones to survive

A

Australopithecus (Southern apes)

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12
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of Australopithecus

A
  1. Broad faces
  2. Flat noses
  3. Large teeth
  4. Small brain
  5. Prominent brow bone
  6. Long arms and legs
  7. Less than four feet tall
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13
Q

What are the 4 types of species in Australopithecus

A
  1. Australopithecus ramidus
  2. Australopithecus afarensis
  3. Australopithecus africanus
  4. Australopithecus robustus
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14
Q

o Stood about 1.2 meters tall
o Foramen magnus was large showing the ability to walk upright
o Forelimbs – different from other human-like species
o Had teeth like humans

A

Australopithecus ramidus

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15
Q

o ‘Lucy’ belonged to this species
o Lived in Africa
o Shorter than Australopithecus ramidus
o Had small skull with large teeth and jaws, flat noses and no chin
o Can walk on two legs but the legs were bent slightly
o Climbed and lived in trees

A

Australopithecus afarensis

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16
Q

o Lived in Africa
o Walked on two legs
o Had a smaller skull with smaller brains compared to Homo erectus but larger than their predecessors
o Had larger jaws and larger teeth compared to modern-day humans
o Were herbivorous

A

Australopithecus africanus

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17
Q

o Tallest and heaviest Australopithecines
o Still ape-like

A

Australopithecus robustus

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18
Q

collectively called “gracile species” (“gracefully slender”)

A

Paranthropus

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19
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Paranthropus

A
  1. Large faces
  2. Pronounced sagittal crests
  3. Large jaws
  4. Larger back teeth and smaller front ones compared to Australopithecus and early humans
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20
Q

What are the 3 species of Paranthropus

A
  1. Paranthropus aethiopicus (“black skull”)
  2. Paranthropus robustus
  3. Paranthropus boise
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21
Q

o Lived about 2.0 – 1.4 million years ago
o Had the smallest brain in the Paranthropus species
o Had a large sagittal crest

A

Paranthropus aethiopicus (“black skull”)

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22
Q

o Lived about 2.0 – 1.4 million years ago
o Had strong jaws and very large teeth

A

Paranthropus robustus

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23
Q

o Lived about 2.0-1.4 million years ago
o Bigger than Paranthropus robustus
o Had prominent sagittal crests
o Had large grinding teeth capable of cracking hard nuts and dry seeds
o Ate grasses, leaves, roots, and possibly even meat

A

Paranthropus boise

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24
Q

o Descendant of the Australopithecus
o Includes both the ancestral or closely related Homo sapiens (modern humans) and extinct species

A

Genus Homo

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25
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of genus homo

A
  1. Relatively large brains
  2. Erect posture
  3. Bipedalism
  4. Hands with opposable thumbs
  5. Capable of making tools
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26
Q

What are the 3 species of Genus Homo

A
  1. Homo habilis (handy man)
  2. Homo erectus (upright man)
  3. Homo Sapiens (wise man)
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27
Q

o Discovered in the Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania by Louis Leakey in the 1960’s
o Had a larger brain size compared to Australopithecus
o Stood around 5 feet tall and erect
o May have been able to speak
o Possibly created the first stone tool
o Lived in social groups

A

Homo habilis (handy man)

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28
Q

2 example of Homo erectus (upright man)

A
  1. The Java man (Homo erectus erectus, or Pithecanthropus erectus)
  2. Peking man (Homo erectus pekinensis or Sinanthropus pekinesis)
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29
Q

Other word for the java man

A

Pithecanthropus erectus

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30
Q

Other words for peking man

A

Sinanthropus pekinesis

31
Q

o Modern Humans

A

Homo sapiens (wise man)

32
Q

2 classification of Homo Sapiens (wise man)

A

A. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
B. Homo sapiens sapiens

33
Q

▪ “Neanderthal man”
▪ Larger brain size compared to modern man
▪ Gigantic in size ranging from 1,200 cc to 1,750 cc
▪ Had a large head and powerful jaw
▪ Had muscular bodies
▪ Ate meat and created the tools that show they were hunters
▪ Lived in canes
▪ Lived in groups and forage for food

A

A. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

34
Q

▪ “modern-day man”
▪ Smaller size and brain size compared to the neanderthal man
▪ Small jaw
▪ Round skull
▪ More noticeable chin
▪ Spread wider in Europe, Australia, and the Americas
▪ Omnivores
▪ Developed the power of thinking, producing art, and more sophisticated tools and sentiments

A

Homo sapiens sapiens

35
Q

What are the 5 Supporting thoughts on Human Adaptation and Evolution

A

• Savannah theory
• Turnover pulse hypothesis
• Red queen hypothesis
• The social brain hypothesis
• The social brain hypothesis

36
Q
  • Suggests that hominids were pushed from the trees they lived and into the growing savannah
  • Suggests that hominids adapted due to aridification (posited an extension of the savannah due to increasingly arid conditions)
A

• Savannah theory

37
Q
  • Notes that specialist animals are more harmed by extinctions due to environmental factors than the generalist ones
A

• Turnover pulse hypothesis

38
Q
  • Notes that organisms will continue to evolve to cope with the animals that co-evolve with them
A

• Red queen hypothesis

39
Q
  • Suggests that by improving cognitive capacities
A

• The social brain hypothesis

40
Q
  • States around 70,000 years ago there was a near-extinction event for early humans
A

The theory of the Toba catastrophe

41
Q

5 Human Adaptation

A

A. Bipedalism
B. Larger brain size
C. Longer ontogeny (gesture and infancy)
D. Sex distinctions between males and female
E. Certain adaptations

42
Q

has offered many advantages to humans
- Freeing hands to hold food, tools, or babies, allowing early humans to appear larger and more intimidating
- Led to skeletal changes in the joints of the legs, knees and ankles, spinal vertebrae, toes, and arms

A

Bipedalism

43
Q

human brain’s ability to continue to develop after birth meant social learning and language were possible. It is possible that the spotlight on meat eating and cooking facilitated the storage of knowledge worth many decades, collecting and processing information, then delivering output, in split seconds; and solving problems and making abstract ideas and pictures.

A

Larger brain size

44
Q

longer gestation period and child rearing resulted in the development of social classes that concentrate on the family. Sharing food, taking care of babies and creating social networks helped our ancestors face their environment’s everyday challenges. As the ontogeny takes place longer, more parental care and also a home’s protective environment are needed. Finally, the proliferation of social networks contributed to the diverse social lives of modern humans.

A

Longer ontogeny (gesture and infancy)

45
Q

have been eliminated, and female fertility is all year round and shows no specific sign of fertility. There are also some differences between human sexes, with males being marginally taller and having more hair and less body fat. These improvements often apply to pair bonding for long-term offspring upbringing.

A

Sex distinctions between males and females

46
Q

include hair loss, a nose, a lower larynx and emphasis on vision rather than smell.

A

Certain adaptations

47
Q

It is the study of the Earth’s physical features, including the study
of regional formation and its relation to humans

A

Geography

48
Q

Zero degrees latitude.
- The equator divides the globe into the Northern and
Southern hemispheres.

A

Equator

49
Q

Imaginary lines running horizontally around the globe.
- Zero degrees (0°) latitude is the equator, the widest
circumference of the globe.

A

Latitude lines ( also called parallels)

50
Q

Imaginary lines running vertically around the globe. Unlike
latitude lines, longitude lines are not parallel.
- Zero degrees longitude (0°) is called the prime meridian..

A

Longitude lines (meridians)

51
Q

A line of latitude located at 23°30′ north of the equator.

A

Tropic of cancer

52
Q
  • A line of latitude located at 23°30′ south.
A

Tropic of Capricorn

53
Q

A line of latitude located at 66°30′ north, delineating the Northern Frigid Zone of the Earth.

A

Artic circle

54
Q
  • A line of latitude located at 66°30′ south, delineating the
    Southern Frigid Zone of the Earth
A

antarctic circle

55
Q

How many continents are there?

A

total of seven
continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North
America, and South America.

56
Q

land area of 44,579,000 (km2) with 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent on Earth.
60% of the total population of the Earth resides here.

A

ASIA

57
Q

land area of 30,370,000 (km2) comprises 54 countries.
It is the hottest continent and home of the world’s largest desert, the Sahara, occupying 25% of the total area of Africa.

A

AFRICA

58
Q

land area of 24,709,000 (km2) and it includes 23 countries led by the USA as the largest economy in the world.

A

NORTH AMERICA

59
Q

land area of 17,840,000 (km2) - comprises 12 countries. Here is located the largest forest, the Amazon rainforest, two-thirds of the Amazon rainforest is found in Brazil. Which covers 30% of the South American total area.

A

SOUTH AMERICA

60
Q

land area of 14,000,000 (km2) and the coldest continent in the world, completely covered with ice and considered as the coldest continent of the world. There are no permanent inhabitants, except of scientists and researchers stationed for research purposes.

A

ANTRACTICA

61
Q

land area of 10,180,000 (km2) comprises 51 countries.
Considered as the most economically developed continent due to the European Union as the biggest and economic and political union in the world.

A

EUROPE

62
Q

land area of 8,600,000 (km2) that includes 14 countries. It is the least populated continent after Antarctica with only 0.2% of the total Earth’s population.

A

AUSTRALIA

63
Q

The 5 Oceans

A

PACIFIC OCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
INDIAN OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
ARTIC OCEAN

64
Q

Which continent is largely uninhabited and at the southernmost point of the Earth?

A

ANTARCTICA

65
Q

Which ocean is located to the west of North and South America?

A

Pacific Ocean

66
Q

Which continent has the biggest land area?

A

Asia

67
Q

Which continent has the biggest number of countries?

A

Africa

68
Q

Which continent has the fewest people?

A

Antarctica

69
Q

Which is the most populous continent?

A

Asia

70
Q

Which Ocean is located to the south of Africa?

A

Southern OcEAN

71
Q

Which Ocean is between Africa and Asia?

A

INDIAN OCEAN

72
Q

Which continent has the smallest area?

A

AUSTRALIA

73
Q

Which continent has the least number of countries?

A

SOUTH AMERICA

Grade 8 - Sampaguita (5 decks)

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