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Psychology > Social Pyschology > Flashcards

Social Pyschology Flashcards

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1
Q

define obedience

A

A change in an individuals behaviour to comply with a direct order from an authority figure

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2
Q

Aim on Milgram

A

What level of obedience would be shown when told by a legitimate authority figure to administer shocks to another person

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3
Q

Procedure of Milgram

A

• 40 males ages 20-50
• volunteer sampling (advertisement)
• standardised
• $4.50
• Yale
Explain experiment

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4
Q

Results of Milgram

A

Quantitative = 100% to 300v , 65% to 450v
Qualitative = nervous laughter, trembled , 3 had seizures

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5
Q

Conclusion of Milgram

A

Most important factor determining obedience is situation

“Obedience isn’t a feature of German culture but a universal feature of human behaviour “

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6
Q

Methodological

A

Reliability
Objectivity
Subjectivity
Internal validity
Ecological validity
Generalisability

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7
Q

Strengths + weaknesses of Milgram

A

+ = standardised (reliable) , controlled (internal validity) , quantitative and qualitative
- = not generalisable (men) , low ecological validity , ethics breached

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8
Q

Acronyms for each command

A

DESCRIBING a STUDY = APRC
EVALUATING a STUDY = ROSIEG
EVALUATING a THEORY = RUNSCAR

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9
Q

Agentic state

A

individual follows an order from a legitimate authority figure , they take no responsibility for consequences of actions , act as an agent

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10
Q

Moral strain

A

negative feeling caused by doing something we believe is morally wrong but feel compelled to do

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11
Q

Autonomous state

A

Individual acts out of free will , they take responsibility for the consequences of thier actions

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12
Q

Burger study ethics

A
  • only went to 150v
  • immediately debriefed
  • clinical psych supervised all trials
  • screened before trial
  • 3 reminders that they can leave - still get $50
  • approved by Santa Clara University review board
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13
Q

Aim of Burger

A

Replicate Milgrams experiment in an ethical way to compare findings
- if his findings were era-bound
- if obedience is affected by gender
- if theres less obedience if refusal is modelled by someone slse

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14
Q

Procedure of Burger

A
  • volunteer sampling (advertisement)
  • screened for …
  • 29 men , 41 women ages 20-81
  • $50
  • stopped at 150v (point of no return)
  • immediately debriefed
  • condition 1 = same , heart condition mentioned at 150v
  • condition 2 = modelled refusal , teacher swaps with participant at 90v
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15
Q

Results of Burger

A

condition 1 - 70% burger , 82.5% milgram
condition 2 - 63.3% burger , 82.5% milgram

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16
Q

Conclusion of Burger

A

Milgrams results are still valid , obedience still influenced by situational factors
- not era-bound
- dont differ by gender
- not affected by empathic concern but desire for control

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17
Q

define social impact

A

effect that real or imagined people can have on our behavior

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18
Q

mathematical equation for social impact

A

i=f(SIN)

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19
Q

SIN = ?

A
  • strength : level of influence or power target perceives source to have
  • immediacy : physical ,temporal , social (relationship)
  • number : more sources , higher chance of obedience
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20
Q

define division of impact

A

social impact is reduced if there are more targets than sources

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21
Q

define diffusion of responsibility

A

feeling less responsible for behavior as number of people increases
- links the ‘bystander effect’

22
Q

name Milgrams variation studies

A
  • telephonic instructions (7)
  • run down office block (10)
  • ordinary man gives orders (13)
23
Q

run down office block (10)

A

sample - volunteer (newspaper ad) , men , $4.50
results - 100% to 300v , 47.5% to 450v , lower but not significant
conclusion - situation is one determining factor but not the crucial one

24
Q

telephonic instruction (7)

A

results - dropped sharply , 22.5% to 450v , some gave lower shocked than should have
conclusion - removed presence of authority figure reduced obedience

25
Q

ordinary man gives orders (13)

A

results 13 - 20% to 450v
results 13a (swapped places) - protests and tried to stop him
conclusion - appearance of legitimate authority increases obedience

26
Q

Define prejudice

A

Biased Attitude formed upon little or no prior information about a person or group

27
Q

Define discrimination

A

Action that usually occurs due to prejudice whereby we treat a person or group differently based upon our beliefs about them

28
Q

negative interdependence

A

where 2 groups of people are seeking to achieve a goal only one can achieve

29
Q

define zero sum

A

only one person can win , one has to loose

30
Q

what are superordinate goals

A

a shared goal that can only be achieved by intergroup cooperation

31
Q

what is positive interdependence

A

neither group can reach their goal unless the other reaches theirs

32
Q

RUNSCAR

A

Refuting evidence
Useful applications
Nature v nurture
Supporting evidence
Credibility
Alternative explanations
Reductionism

33
Q

ingroup vs outgroup

A

in - people we share goals and values with
out - people we see ourselves in competition with

34
Q

Sherif Aim

A

explore how competition of group goals can lead to prejudice attitudes towards an outgroup and increase ingroup solidarity

35
Q

Sherif Sample

A
  • 22 boys age 11
  • middle class backgrounds
  • protestant
  • similar education
36
Q

Sherif Procedure

A
  • field experiment (robbers cave state park) , unaware of study
  • parental consent
  • divided into groups of equivalent ability
  • separately transported to cabins
  • observations , tape recordings , sociometric analyses
  • 3 stages = ingroup formation , friction stage , integration phase
37
Q

ingroup formation

A
  • groups were unaware of each others existence
  • formation of group norms and relationships
  • bonding activities
  • observed relations , status , roles
  • strong group identity
  • social norms formed
  • clear leader present
38
Q

friction phase

A
  • groups made aware of each other
  • became hostile
  • experimenter designed competitive activities
  • psychologists dressed up as camp workers
  • discrimination
  • aggressive behavior
  • 6.4% rattlers friends with eagles
  • 7.5% eagles friends with rattlers
39
Q

integration phase

A
  • increased contact
  • after 7 failed attempts superordinate goals were introduced
  • water shortage , broken food truck , movie ,money
  • breakdown of original ingroups
  • bonded , wanted to share a bus back
  • outgroup friendships increased , 36.4% rattlers friends with eagles , 23.2% eagles friends with rattlerS
40
Q

Sherif Conclusion

A
  • groups develop status hierarchies and norms
  • intergroup competition leads to outgroup hostility
  • social contact isnt enough to reduce prejudice , superordinate goals are needed
41
Q

define social identity

A

individuals self concept , how they see themselves in relation to membership of their social group

42
Q

according to tajfel what are the 3 processes for the development of prejudice

A
  • social categorisation
  • social identification
  • social comparison
43
Q

AO3 of social identity theory

A
  • overlooks individual differences
  • doesn’t take personality into account (Adornos)
  • can be applied to explain radicalisation (psych in society)
  • isolates group memberships as the main factor , not considering the interactions between groupings
44
Q

AO3 + of questionnaires

A
  • standardised
  • cheap + quick
  • quantitative if closed Qs
  • internal validity
  • can study opinions
45
Q

AO3 - of questionaries

A
  • may not be generalisable
  • response bias
  • subjectivity when analysing results (if opinions)
  • demand characteristics
46
Q

obedience individual + development

A

I - personality + gender
D - gender + culture

47
Q

obedience individual

A
  • locus of control (rotter 1966)
  • authoritarian personality (adorno 1950)
48
Q

obedience developmental

A
  • social learning theory
  • collectivistic/individualistic
  • PDI
49
Q

prejudice individual

A
  • right wing authoritarianism
  • five personality
50
Q

what are the 3 types of interviews + data

A

structured - predetermined closed Qs , quantitative
semi structured - predetermined and probe Qs , quantitative and qualitative
unstructured - topic for discussion , qualitative

51
Q

define concurrent validity

A

comparing results with existing results to see if they produce similar results

Psychology (3 decks)

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