psychological Skills

Question 1

what are independent + dependent variables

Answer 1

independent- variable you manipulate
dependent- variable you measure

Question 2

define casual relationship

Answer 2

One variable directly affects or changes another variable

Question 3

what is an experiment

Answer 3

A research method used to demonstrate causal relationships

Question 4

Name 3 features of a lab

Answer 4

• standardised procedure
• controlled setting
• extraneous variables are controlled

Question 5

define extraneous variables

Answer 5

Variable that may potentially affect the DV and provide a false impression that the IV has changed

Question 6

Define confounding variables

Answer 6

Class of extraneous variables that changes systematically with the IV

Question 7

3 main features of a field experiment

Answer 7

• standardised procedure
• natural environment- ecological validity
• harder to control extraneous variables

Question 8

what are demand characteristics

Answer 8

Participants change their natural behaviour to support the aim of the research

Question 9

define representative

Answer 9

Sample reflects the target population

Question 10

Random sampling techniques

Answer 10

• everyone in target population has equal chance of selection

Question 11

stratified sampling techniques

Answer 11

random but selected from specific sub groups in target population

Question 12

volunteer sampling technique

Answer 12

participants select/volunteer themselves

Question 13

opportunity sampling techniques

Answer 13

uses whoever is available at time and also fits the required criteria

Question 14

Define ethnocentric bias

Answer 14

Making judgements about other cultures based of one specific culture and generalising them

Question 15

define androcentric bias

Question 16

define androcentric bias

Question 17

Define population validity

Answer 17

Sample population is representative of target population

Question 18

define counterbalancing

Answer 18

When the researcher alternates conditions for each participant in order to cancel out order effects

Question 19

list the 3 design methods

Answer 19

• independent group design
• repeated measures design
• matched pairs design

Question 20

define order effects

Answer 20

When participants do more than one condition and all do them in the same order

Question 21

define operationalisation

Answer 21

when a variable is defined by the researcher and a way of measuring that variable is developed

Question 22

define a null hypothesis

Answer 22

no significant difference between (DV) between (IV) first group and (IV) second group and any difference is due to chance

Question 23

2 types of alternative hypothesis

Answer 23

one tailed - directional
two tailed - not directional