Social Psychology CH 13

Question 1

3 ingredients of our liking for one another

Answer 1

• Proximity
• Attractiveness
• Similarity

Question 2

What is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 2

The mere exposure effect is the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 3

What is passionate love?

Answer 3

Passionate love is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Question 4

What is companionate love?

Answer 4

Companionate love is the deep affectionate Attachment we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined

Question 5

What is equity?

Answer 5

Equity is a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Question 6

What is self-disclosure?

Answer 6

Self-disclosure is revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Question 7

What are the two vital components for maintaining companionate love?

Answer 7

Equity and self-disclosure

Question 8

What is altruism?

Answer 8

Altruism is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Question 9

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 9

Diffusion of responsibility is when there is shared responsibility for helping and any listener is less likely to help.

Question 10

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 10

The bystander effect is the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 11

How does the two-step theory of emotion help explain passionate love?

Answer 11

1. Physical arousal
2. Interpretation of that arousal

Any source of arousal will be interpreted as passion in the presence of a desirable person.

Question 12

What is social facilitation?

Answer 12

Social facilitation is improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Question 13

What is social loafing?

Answer 13

Social loafing is the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pulling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then when individually accountable

Question 14

What is deindividuation?

Answer 14

Deindividuation is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 15

What is group polarization ?

Answer 15

Group polarization is the enhancement of a group of prevailing inclinations through a discussion with the group

Question 16

What is groupthink fed by?

Answer 16

• overconfidence
• conformity
• self justification
• group polarization

Question 17

What is social facilitation and under what circumstances is it most likely to occur?

Answer 17

This improved performance in the presence of others and is most likely to occur with a well-learned task because the added arousal cause the audience tends to strengthen the most likely response

Question 18

People tend to exert less effort when working with a group then they would working alone, which is called

Answer 18

social loafing

Question 19

When like-minded groups discuss a topic and the result is strengthening the prevailing opinion this is called

Answer 19

group polarization

Question 20

When a group’s desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other opinions what has occurred?

Answer 20

Groupthink

Question 21

What is social cognition?

Answer 21

Social cognition is how our social environments that we are in influence out thoughts, perceptions, and beliefs

Question 22

What is attribution theory?

Answer 22

Attribution theory is how we explain and understand our own and others behaviors.

We want to determine the cause of a behavior.

We use situational and dispositional attributions.

Question 23

What are situational attributions?

Answer 23

Situational attributions are when we regard an action outside the person and blame it on environmental factors.
ex: joe stole the money because his family is starving
ex: she yelled at us because she is having a bad day

Question 24

What are dispositional attributions?

Answer 24

Dispositional attributions are when we blame a persons actions on their personality.
ex: joe stole the money because he is a thief
ex: she yelled at us because that her personality

Question 25

When do we make the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 25

We make the fundamental attribution error when trying to explain someone else’s behavior.

Question 26

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 26

The fundamental attribution error is when we overestimate someones personality and underestimate the situation.

Question 27

Napolitan and Goethals:
What was the study testing?
Brief explanation.
IV, levels?
DV?
Findings?

Answer 27

Tested the fundamental attribution error.

People were to have a conversation with a paid actor and were either with a nice person or mean person. The non-paid actor was told that the person was scripted or not. After conversation were given questionnaire, the main question was to rate the paid person on how truly friendly they are.

IV: Personality and Spontaneity
levels: friendly or not friendly; scripted or not scripted
DV: Rate on friendliness, their true personality outside of the study
Findings: They made the fundamental attribution error.
Even when the situation clearly played a role they still attribute the behavior to their personality.

Question 28

Examples of when we make the fundamental attribution error in our lives:

Answer 28

• when someone cuts us off
• when someone yells at their child

—-> we underestimate their situation because we have no situational context

Question 29

What is the self-serving bias?

Answer 29

The self-serving bias is what we use when explaining our own behavior.

We claim what is most favorable to us.

Dispositional (internal) when good.
Situational (external) when bad.

Ex: we blow up in a store, try to excuse behavior on situational aspects
Ex: we donate to charity, we take responsibility for good behavior

Question 30

What is the definition of attitude?

Answer 30

An attitude is a relatively stable opinion.

Question 31

What are the two elements that make an attitude?

Answer 31

The two elements that make an attitude are cognitive and emotional elements.

Question 32

What are the two main things that attitude influences?

Answer 32

The two main things that attitude influences are perceptions (how we perceive the world) and attributions (explanations).

Question 33

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 33

Cognitive dissonance is when we have a belief that is inconsistent with our actions and this creates tension.

Question 34

What did the appliance study test?
Briefly explain.
IV?
DV?
Findings?

Answer 34

The appliance study tests cognitive dissonance.

The participants were asked to rate 5 appliances on a scale of 1-4.
They were then given or had to choose between the two items that they rated the same (average). They then were told that the ratings before had been destroyed and that they had to re-rate the appliances.

IV: If they were given an appliance or had to choose an appliance.

DV: The change in their ratings.

Findings:

The given condition did not change their answers because there was no cognitive dissonance.

The people who had to choose changed their answers so that their beliefs matched their actions (cognitive dissonance occurred).

Question 35

What is the Foot-in-the-Door phenomenon?
When is it used?
What is the example she gave?

Answer 35

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon is when you for something small first and then ask for a big request.

This tactic is used to gain compliance.

Breast cancer ribbon. They asked for this small request to show support. Then they would call the people and ask for donations. This works because people want to remain consistent and uphold certain thoughts about themselves.

Question 36

What did the Friedman and Fraser study test?
Briefly explain.
IV?
DV?
Findings?

Answer 36

The Friedman and Fraiser study tested the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

They cold-called multiple people and asked them to answer 3 quick questions about their dishwasher soap that only took about one minute to answer. They then thanked the people for their cooperation. Many days later they cold-called those people and also new people to ask if they could send 5-6 people to their houses to record the cleaning products they have in their house.

IV: 1. Small request and then Large request
2. Large request only

DV: Agreeing to Large request

Findings:
1. 53% agreed to the large request
2. 22% agreed to the large request

Question 37

What are the two main ways of social influence?

Answer 37

Conformity and Obedience

Question 38

What is conformity?

Answer 38

A behavior or attitude that you change as a result of pressure.

This can be real (verbal) or imagined (thoughts or feelings).

Shift in opinion or engaging in an action due to others around you.

Question 39

What is the study that tested social conformity?

Answer 39

Asch 1955

Question 40

What did the Ache study test?
Briefly explain.
Findings?

Answer 40

They tested the influence of social conformity.

The participant was the last to arrive and was placed with 6 paid actresses. They sat at the last chair which was the end of the line. They were shown a target line on a screen with 3 other lines that were different sizes. They would then state which line was the same length as the target line. The participant would say the wrong answer because everyone answered wrong before them as well.

This is imagined group pressure.

80% conform at least some of the time.

Question 41

What factors affect conformity?

Answer 41

1. The number of peple in the group
   1 or 2- people don’t conform
   3 or 4- 80% conform
2. Unanimity
   If another says other answer than no effect
   unanimous then people conform
3. Previous commitment to response
   if they write answer down first then the conformity decreases because you want to stay consistent to yourself

Question 42

What is obedience?

Answer 42

Obedience is when their is a person in charge who is socially influencing decisions. Following orders from a person in authority.

Question 43

What is the study that tested social obedience?

Answer 43

Milgram 1963

Question 44

What did the Milgram study test?
What was the QOI?
Briefly explain.
Findings? Psychiatrist hypothesis vs. real?

Answer 44

The Milgram study tested the influence of social obedience.

The QOI was, if you order someone to shock someone else, how far will they go?

They took a person who was always the teacher role who thought he was randomly assigned this part. The learner was strapped to a shock machine and they would ask memory questions and then if they got it wrong they would shock the person with increasing volts (15v-450v) everytime they got a question wrong. There was also a experimenter who was telling them what to do and insisting that they continue.

Psychiatrists guessed that 1/10th of 1% would go to 450v and that most people wouldn’t go beyond 150v.

The study found that 2/3 of people administered 450v. 68%.

Question 45

How was the study in 2004 different then in 1963?

Answer 45

The study in 2004 only went until 150v.

The researchers were paid 50$ in the 2004 study, even if they quit.

When people went past 150v there was then an 80% chance that they would continue.

In the Milgram study at 330v the learner stopped responding

Question 46

What are some reasons people gave for continuing to shock people?
What was the reason people quit?

Answer 46

They kept going becasue…
“he’s the expert”
they were, “just doing their job”

The people who quit felt direct responsibility

Question 47

Did more men or women continue with the obedience study?

Answer 47

73% women continued
65% men continued

Question 48

What percent of people in the Milgram study were willing to go past 480v?

Answer 48

68%, even when the victum shouted to stop and the teacher was in agony

Question 49

What did Milgram find that can cause us to disobey?

Answer 49

1. Distance between learner and teacher
   Glass window or physically in another room
   Closer=Less likely to obey
2. Distance between teacher and experimenter
   Farther= less likely to obey
3. Location of entire experiment (Yale or poor office)
   No impact
4. Conflicting orders (a person telling you to stop)
   People diobey= less likely to obey
5. Authority of Experimenter (randomly assign teacher, experimenter and learner)
   ordinary person=less likely to obey

Question 50

What is Pro-Social Behavior?

Answer 50

Behavior that benefits others

Question 51

What event influenced Darley and Latane?
What did the Darley and Latane studies test?
What were the test called?
What was the main hypothesis?

Answer 51

They were influenced by Kitty Genovese 1964. She was stabbed to death in an ally and many witnesses that did not call 911. The responsibility was diffused.

They tested the bystander effect.

The tests were called, “lady in distress”.

The main hypothesis was that so many people witnessed that no one helped. Someone is less likely to get help the more people that witnessed.

Question 52

What did the Lady in Distress Study I test?
Briefly explain.
IV?
DV?
Findings?

Answer 52

This study tested the bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility).

This experiment consisted of female college students. A questionnaire was to be completed and during this time the researcher would go behind a curtian until they were done with their survey. A tape was then played of loud screaing, crashing, moaning, and crying for one minute.

IV: Whether they were left in the room alone or with a paid worker (who wouldn’t help)

DV: If the participant would help the woman.

Findings:
If they were alone 70% helped
If they were with someone who didn’t help 20% helped

During debreif they said it wasn’t serious because the other person didn’t help.

Question 53

What did the Lady in Distress Study II test?
Briefly explain.
IV?
DV?
Findings?

Answer 53

This study tested the bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility).

This experiment was set up so that multiple people were in the study at the same time. They were all in separate rooms with headphones and microphones. They could communicate but could not see each other. They then staged an epileptic attack to participants.

IV: The person thought that they were the only one who could hear the seizure or the person thought that multiple people could hear the seizure.

DV: willingness to help

Findings: the more people they thought were listening the less likely they were to help

Question 54

What are factors that make altruism more likely according to the Lady in Distress studies?

Answer 54

1. Emergency- very serious with blood and life threatening
2. Assuming Responsibility- calling someone out
3. Personal Cost of Helping is Low- saying “it will be helpful”
4. Helping will be Benefical- calling 911will be helpful