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Intro to Psych > Motivation CH 10 > Flashcards

Motivation CH 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior (book)
Motivation is any process that causes an organism to move toward a goal or away from something unpleasant

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2
Q

What is an instinct?

A

Instinct is a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned through a species and is unlearned

Typically triggered by particular stimuli and hold true across entire species

Fixed action patterns (FAP), male stickleback fish

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3
Q

What is the Drive-reduction theory? And what are the two main components that it focuses on?

A

Drive-reduction theory is the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (book)

Emphasizes biological factors.

Centers on the idea of homeostasis and equilibrium.

Imbalance causes motivation.

Mixes needs and drives:

    Needs- a biological requirement for wellbeing
    Drives- psychological --> brain and motion
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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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5
Q

What is an incentive?

A

An incentive is a positive or negative environmental status that motivates behavior

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6
Q

What does Instinct Theory focus on?

A

Instinct Theory focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors

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7
Q

What does Drive Reduction theory focus on?

A

Drive-reduction theory focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes

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8
Q

What does arousal Theory focus on?

A

Arousal Theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

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9
Q

What does Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focus on?

A

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs focuses on the priority of some needs over others

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10
Q

What is Glucose?

A

Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it’s level is low, we feel hunger.

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11
Q

What controls hunger?

A

The hypothalamus controls hunger

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12
Q

What is Insulin?

A

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas and controls blood glucose. When blood glucose levels are low we get hungry.

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13
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

Ghrelin Is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach. When these levels are high we get hungry.

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14
Q

What is Leptin?

A

Leptin is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells. When this hormone is abundant it causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

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15
Q

What is Orexin?

A

Orexin Is a hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. When high levels of orexin are produced then we become more hungry.

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16
Q

What is PYY?

A

PYY is a digestive tract hormone. When levels of this hormone are high, our hunger decreases.

17
Q

What is Set Point?

A

A set point is a point at which your weight thermostat is set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate combine to restore the lost weight.

18
Q

What is a Basal metabolic rate?

A

A basal metabolic rate measures how much energy we use to maintain basic body functions when our body is at rest.

19
Q

What is Neophobia?

A

Neophobia is a fear of new things.

20
Q

What are ways that we can help prevent unwanted weight?

A
  • exercising
  • getting enough sleep
  • minimizing exposure to tempting food cues
  • limit variety
  • eat healthy foods
  • reduce portion sizes
  • do not starve and then eat one big meal
  • beware of the binge
  • set portions before eating with large groups
21
Q

What is Insecure anxious attachment?

A

Insecure anxious attachment is constantly craving acceptance but remaining Vigilant to signs of possible rejection.

22
Q

What is Insecure avoidant attachment?

A

Insecure avoidant attachment is feeling such discomfort over getting close to others that they employ avoidant strategies to maintain their distance.

23
Q

What is Ostracism?

A

Ostracism is social exclusion.

24
Q

What is Cyber ostracism?

A

Cyber ostracism is the feeling of disconnection from friends online.

25
Q

What is achievement motivation? What does it try to explain?And what does it rely on?

A

Achievement motivation is a desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills or ideas, control, and rapidly attaining a high standard. (book)

A personality trait that affects motivation levels.

Tries to explain why others try harder than others to succeed.

Relies on extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

26
Q

What are the types of factors examined in motivation?

A

mental (achievement), social (belonging), and physical (hunger)

27
Q

Sources of Motivation (give examples)

A

Biological- physical, such as hunger, sleep, and body temperature
Emotional- feelings, such as happiness, sadness, and fear
Cognitive- perceptions about the world, beliefs about your personal abilities, or expectations of others’ thoughts
Social- direct reactions; changing what you wear because someone said something, wearing something because its trendy

28
Q

What is Evolutionary Perspective?

A

Also known as “instinct theory”, suggested that human behavior is motivated by instincts.

They described behaviors without explaining them, only named them (naming ≠ explaining)

29
Q

What are Two Types of Drives when it comes to motivation?

A

Primary- unlearned; mostly same for everyone; stems directly from biological needs; internal
ex: shelter food and drink

Secondary- learned; mostly different for everyone; associated with a primary drive at some point; once learned then just as motivating as a primary drive; external
ex: money

30
Q

What is Arousal Theory? When do we perform our best?

A

Tries to explain why we both increase and decrease arousal. (increase with rollercoasters and spicy things, decrease by meeting primary drives)

States that regulating arousal motivates behavior.

We perform our best at a moderate state of arousal, slightly high.

Everyone’s arousal states are different:
higher levels require more arousal- loud music and alcohol
lower levels- less stimulation

31
Q

What is arousal? How do we measure it? And when is arousal highest and lowest?

A

Arousal is the level of activation through physiological signs.

We can measure this through agitation, stress, heart rate, and muscle tension.

The lowest is sleep, highest is panic.

32
Q

Hierarchy of Needs Theory:
Who created this?
What are the steps?
What are the limits?

A

Abraham Maslow–1970’s

Puts needs in a pyramid of categories that drive specific behavior.

Takes physical and emotional needs into account.

Humans are motivated to keep seeking the next levels and are never satisfied.

  1. Physiological needs< safety needs< belongingness and love needs<              Esteem needs

  2. Need to know and understand< aesthetic needs

  3. Self-actualization

  4. Transcendence

Limitation- We do not always abide by the hierarchy, skip levels to gain other levels
ex: “the starving artist”, Gandhi- starved for transcendence,

33
Q

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

A

A reward for doing well.

Better paying job, physical objects, or praise.

Focus on this decreases intrinsic.

34
Q

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

A

No one else knows and you still want.

Internal feelings of reward.

Self-satisfaction.

35
Q

Ring Toss Study:
What was it?
IV?
DV?
Findings?

A

9-10-year-olds and assessed need achievement –> high or low
They could stand however far away they want and must get the ring on pole.

IV: low or high achiever

DV: how far from the target

Findings:

 Low Need Achievers- Half stood close so that they couldn't fail and the other half stood so far away that they couldn't succeed 

 High Need Achievers- Stood a mid-distance so that it was challenging but not impossible
36
Q

High Need Achievers Traits

A

Prefer to struggle with a problem.

Set realistic but challenging goals.

Internally satisfied when they succeed but are not upset with failure because they know that they tried their best.

Seek feedback from harsh but good critics.

37
Q

Low Need Achievers Traits

A

Prefer someone to do the problem for them.

Love to succeed just as much but they do not describe it as satisfaction or joy but relief.

Seek no feedback.

Intro to Psych (2 decks)

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