Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is social psychology trying to understand

A

How others can influence our behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define what is meant by an attitude

A

• Attitude: a positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus, such as a person, action, object, or concept e.g. can include behaviour such as healthy eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does attitude relate to behaviour

A

Attitudes influence behaviour more strongly when situational factors that contradict our attitudes are weak

By changing attitudes we can change behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour

A

Explanation: our intentions are influenced by three factors, which then lead to a certain behaviour
Subjective norm: beliefs about important others’ attitudes toward behaviour
Attitude towards behaviour: own beliefs and evaluation of the outcome
Perceived behavioural control: internal and external control factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can we exploit the theory of planned behaviour in helping someone to stop smoking

A

The Theory of Planned Behaviour would suggest the importance of exploring social norms in changing health behaviour

  • What do your friends/family think about smoking?
  • What do your friends/family think about you smoking?
  • Whose opinion is most important to you?
  • What are the pros and cons of following that opinion?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can asking a patient about their beliefs regarding their behaviour generate

A

Cognitive dissonance
They smoke, but are fully aware that smoking can increase their risk of developing lung cancer, yet they continue to smoke anyway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is meant by cognitive dissonance

A

Cognitive Dissonance: holding two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values, or participating in an action that goes against one of these three, leading to psychological stress - e.g. Smoking causing cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How will the patient attempt to resolve their dissonance

A

Change behaviour: In the case of smoking, this would involve quitting, which might be difficult and thus avoided • Acquire new information: Such as seeking exceptions e.g. “My grandfather smoked all his life and lived to be 96” • Reduce the importance of the cognitions (i.e. beliefs, attitudes). A person could convince themself that it is better to “live for the moment”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When we want to change an attitude, how can we make the message more effective

A

Message more effective if: • Reaches recipient • Is attention-grabbing • Easily understood • Relevant and important • Easily remembered

Messengers are more effective if: credible (e.g. Doctors), trustworthy (e.g. Objective) and attractive (e.g. Well-presented)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meant by framing

A

• Refers to whether a message emphasises the benefits or losses of that behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does research show about framing

A

Research shows that:
When we want people to take up behaviours aimed at detecting health problems or illness (e.g. HIV testing) loss-framed messages may be more effective
When we want people to take up behaviours aimed at promoting prevention behaviours (e.g. condom use) gain-framed messages may be more effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the these two statements will be most effective for encouraging breast self-examination?

A

If you do not undertake breast self-examination you may be more likely to die from cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the these two statements will be most effective for promoting sunscreen use?

A

If you do use SPF15 sunscreen, your skin will stay healthier and you may prolong your life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is meant by a stereotype

A

Stereotype – Generalisations made about a group of people or members of that group, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. Or more specific such as different medical specialisations (e.g. surgeons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is meant by prejudice

A

Prejudice – To judge, often negatively, without having relevant facts, usually about a group or its individual members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is meant by discrimination

A

Discrimination – Behaviours that follow from negative evaluations or attitudes towards members of particular groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the relationship between stereotype, prejudice and discrimination

A

All inter-linked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the Lawrie et al study which showed how stereotype and prejudice can affect medical care

A

Stereotypes and prejudice can affect medical care • Lawrie et al. (1998) demonstrated GPs were reluctant to take on patients with a mental health history despite it being well controlled • This study was further replicated in a sample of over 1000 medical students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did the Borkhoff study show about the effect of prejudice and stereotype on medical care

A

• A study gave orthopaedic surgeons and family practitioners vignettes featuring a patient with moderate unilateral knee pain and a radiograph revealing osteoarthritis. • Identical vignettes were randomly ascribed to a female or male patient. • Family physicians were twice as likely to recommend knee arthroplasty for a male patient • Orthopaedic surgeons were 22 times more likely to recommend knee arthroplasty for a male patient

Maybe they thought males could handle the pain more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did the ringleman study show on the force generated on the rope as the number of rope pullers increased

A

The weight pulled began to pateau as the total number of workers increased.
The average weight pulled by each worker also decreased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define what is meant by social loafing

A

Definition -the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

22
Q

Describe the collective effort model

A

Collective Effort Model: on a collective task, people will put forth only as much effort as they expect is needed to reach their goal

23
Q

When is social loafing more likely to occur

A

• The person believes that individual performance is not being monitored • The task (goal) or the group has less value or meaning to the person • The person generally displays low motivation to strive for success • The person expects that other group members will display high effort

24
Q

Describe how social loafing depends on age and culture

A

Depends on gender and culture • Occurs more strongly in all-male groups • Occurs more often in individualistic cultures

25
Q

When may social loafing disappear

A

• Individual performance is monitored • Members highly value their group or the task goal • Groups are smaller • Members are of similar competence

26
Q

Define what is meant by conformity

A

Conformity: the adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs to a group standard

27
Q

Describe the Asch study on conformity

A

Set a very simple vision test comparing the lengths of lines and put a subject in the room with several actors who all chose the wrong answer
Majority of people conformed when everyone else chose the wrong answer
In the control group, less than 1% conformed

28
Q

Describe the factors that effect conformity

A

Group size: • Conformity increases as group size increases • No increases over five group members

  • Presence of a dissenter: • One person disagreeing with the others greatly reduces group conformity- good to have this person on the team- ensures no assumptions are being made when performing critical thinking.
  • Culture: • Greater in collectivistic cultures
29
Q

What did the beran study show about conformity in medical students

A

Students viewed an instructional video on knee arthrocentesis • They were then asked to aspirate a knee model • They were randomly assigned to either using a model with holes - left by peers - or a knee with no marks in the skin
those that had a model with previous (incorrect) holes were more likely to do it wrong - choosing to follow the holes present

30
Q

Summarise some other factors that predict conformity

A

o Group size – conformity increases as group size increases (up to 5).
o Unanimity – presence of someone who disagrees with the group.
o Cohesion.
o Status.
o Public response.
o Lack of prior commitment.

31
Q

Summarise the bystander effect

A

The Bystander Effect: presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person’s tendency to help
Due to social comparison or diffusion of responsibility

We rely on other people’s interpretation on emergency-as emergencies occur so infrequently in our own lives.

32
Q

Describer the darley and latane experiment

A

Participants were invited into the lab under the pretext they were taking part in a discussion about ‘personal problems’ • Participants were all in separate rooms in the lab and communicated via an intercom system

33
Q

What were the results from the darley and latane experiment

A

Helping student having an epileptic seizure in an adjacent room.
• 87% helped if they believed it was just them and the other student.
• But only 31% helped when they believed they were in a group of 4 people, hardly anyone helped if group was above 4.
• If participant had not acted within first 3 minutes they never acted.

• Compared to those who did report the emergency, those that didn’t appeared in distress; many were sweating, and had trembling hands. • They reported shame and guilt for not helping. • Reasons given include not wanting to expose themselves to embarrassment or to ruin the experiment which, they had been told depended on each participant remaining anonymous from the others.

34
Q

Describe the 5-step bystander decision process that was derived from the darley and latane experiments

A

1) Notice the event
2) Decide if the event is really an emergency Social comparison: look to see how others are responding
3) Assuming responsibility to intervene Diffusion of Responsibility: believing that someone else will help
4) Self-efficacy in dealing with the situation
5) Decision to help (based on cost-benefit analysis e.g. danger)

35
Q

Outline the ways by which we could increase health behaviour

A 
Reducing restraints on helping
• Reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility
• Enhance concern for self image
Socialise altruism
• Teaching moral inclusion
• Modelling helping behaviour
• Attributing helpful behaviour to altruistic motives
• Education about barriers to helping
36
Q

What did the study in Yale Medical School show about the potential impact of the bystander effect in clinical practice

A

Example from Yale University School of Medicine: • 32 year old male admitted with unexplained rash and renal, hepatic and pulmonary failure • 9 specialties and 40 doctors were involved in his care on ICU • >25 diagnostic laboratory tests and two imaging procedures were performed daily • A diagnosis was never confirmed

37
Q

What behaviour theories could explain the Francis report

A

Poor care in the Mid Staffordshire Foundation NHS Trust between 2005 and 2009 reportedly contributed to the avoidable deaths of many patients. • The Francis report (2013) provided a comprehensively damning account of organisational failure and lack of care • In particular, systematic investigation revealed evidence of “non-compassionate behaviour”
• ?Bystander apathy • ?Cognitive dissonance

38
Q

Describe the Milgram experiment

A

One “learner”, one “teacher” – told that experiment studied the effect of punishment on learning and memory.
• Shock generator used to apply punishment
•Shocks grew increasingly intense with each mistake
person leading experiment told to keep shocking, and most participants continued to deadly levels

39
Q

Define obedience

A

Compliance with commands given by an authority figure

40
Q

Describe the factors that influence obedience

A

• Remoteness of the victim • Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure • Diffusion of responsibility: obedience increases when someone else administers the shocks • Not personal characteristics
NB A more recent study replicated the experiment and found similar results

41
Q

What is meant by groupthink

A

The tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement

42
Q

What is meant by group polarisation

A

• Group polarization - the tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently

43
Q

When is groupthink more likely to occur

A

Is under high stress to reach a decision • Is insulated from outside input • Has a directive leader • Has high cohesiveness

44
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink

A

Direct pressure applied to people who express doubt
Mind Guards: people who prevent negative information from reaching the group
Members display self-censorship and withhold their doubts
An illusion of unanimity is created

45
Q

Give a clinical example of groupthink

A
  • Study looked at how two different panels evaluated appropriateness of carrying out carotid endarterectomies in a sample of 1302 patients
  • Panel one was all-surgical
  • Panel two was a multidisciplinary team (MDT) of surgeons, neurologists, a GP and a radiologist
  • 70% were appropriate by the all-surgical panel versus 38% by the MDT panel • 19% of the operations were inappropriate by all-surgical criteria, versus 31% by the MDT panel ratings
46
Q

Describe the autocratic leadership style

A

Under the autocratic leadership style, all decision-making powers are centralized in the leader, as with dictator leaders. • They do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates.

47
Q

Describe the participative, democrative leadership style

A

The democratic leadership style favours decision-making by the group as shown, such as leader gives instruction after consulting the group. They can win the co-operation of their group and can motivate them effectively and positively.

48
Q

Describe the laissez-faire ‘free reign’ leadership style

A

A free-rein leader does not lead, but leaves the group entirely to itself as shown; such a leader allows maximum freedom to subordinates, i.e., they are given a free hand in deciding their own policies and methods

49
Q

Describe the advantages of autocratic leadership style

A

Pros:
Enables quick decision making
Clear hierarchy of responsibility

Cons:
Can be demotivating
Can lead to errors

50
Q

Describe the pros and cons of a democratic leadership style

A

Pros:
Can win cooperation and motivate team
Can improve quality of decision making

Cons:
Time consuming
Can lead to disagreements

51
Q

Describe the pros and cons of a laissez-faire leadership style

A

Pros:
Allows autonomous working
Allows expertise to be utilised

Cons:
Can lead to lack of direction
Lack of ultimate responsibility holder

52
Q

Describe the medical leadership competency framework

A 
Demonstrate personal qualities
Work with others
Set direction
Manage and improve services
All leads to improvement of the service.

Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions