Social psychology

Question 1

What does refer to spin slices of behavior? Ambady and Rosenthal

Answer 1

Accurate judgement of other people based on only a few seconds of observation.

Question 2

What are attributions?

Answer 2

our explanations for events or actions, including other people’s behavior

Question 3

What are the types of attributions?

Answer 3

Personal attributions: explain outcomes based on internal factors.
Situational attributions: Explain outcomes based on external factors.

Question 4

Who originated attribution theory?

Answer 4

Fritz Heider

Question 5

What did Bernard Weiner noted about attributions?

Answer 5

They can be stable over time (permanent) or unstable (temporary), controllable or uncontrollable.

Question 6

What hypothesis states that victims must have done something to justify what happened to them?

Answer 6

Just world hypothesis. (everything happens for a reason)

Question 7

What typical bias exist in attributions?

Answer 7

The fundamental attribution error (overemphasizing the importance of personal factors and underestimate the importance of the situation.
The actor/observer bias: tendency to focus on situations rather than on our personal traits. (when you are the actor you attribute the outcome to the situation and when you are the observer you attribute the outcome to another person’s attributes)

Question 8

How is called a mental shortcut that allow for easy, fast processing of social information?

Answer 8

Stereotypes (occur unconsciously and are neutral by themselves cause just reflect efficient cognitive process)

Question 9

What does subtyping mean?

Answer 9

considering an exception someone who doesn’t fit the stereotype rather than reviewing the stereotype itself.

Question 10

When a stereotype originally not true becomes true, what can influence this change?

Answer 10

Self-fulfilling prophecy (tendency to behave in ways that confirm our own or others’ expectations.

Question 11

To what can lead negative stereotypes?

Answer 11

Prejudice (negative feelings, opinions and belief associated with the stereotype)
discrimination (inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based on the groups they belong to)

Question 12

What is the social identity theory?

Answer 12

our group memberships are an important part of how we view ourselves.

Question 13

What procedure consists of assigning volunteers to 2 groups by flipping a coin ?

Answer 13

Minimal group paradigm.

Question 14

What is modern racism

Answer 14

Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist belief (often appears as indifference to the concerns of minority than hostility.

Question 15

Define attitude

Answer 15

People’s evaluation of objects, of events or of ideas. (they are shaped by our social context)

Question 16

What is the difference bw simple and complex attitude?

Answer 16

Simple attitude: behavior consistent with attitude.

Complex attitude: behavior not consistent with attitude.

Question 17

How is called the ease or difficulty we have in retrieving an attitude from memory

Answer 17

Attitude accessibility. Attitudes that are easy to access from memory are more stable, predictive of behavior, and resistant to change.

Question 18

What are the 4 causes of the bystander apathy?

Answer 18

Anonymity,
fear of making a social blunder,
weighing the risks and benefits of helping, expecting others to help,

Question 19

when one begins to like something due to repeated exposure, it is called …

Answer 19

the mere exposure effect

Question 20

Define deindividuation

Answer 20

when people are not self aware and not paying attention to their personal standards. (arrive when people are excited and anonymous)

Question 21

Group often make riskier decision than individual, what effect is this?

Answer 21

risky shift effect

Question 22

Define group polarization

Answer 22

What the whole group express the dispositions of the majority.

Question 23

What occur when a group is under intense pressure, facing external threats, or is biased in a particular direction?

Answer 23

groupthink (people may protect the atmosphere of the group rather that the just nature of a decision), happens when dissent is discouraged and when the group doesn’t carefully process all available information.

Question 24

What are the strategies to avoid groupthink

Answer 24

Assigning someone to play devil’s advocate, exploring pros and cons, and when the leader doesn’t express a too strong opinion at the beginning of a meeting. keep the group small, treat dissenters respectfully, express one’s own idea.

Question 25

What is conformity

Answer 25

Altering our behaviors or opinions to match those of others or to match what is expected of us.

Question 26

What are the 2 primary reasons we conform?

Answer 26

Normative influence (to be liked, accepted, or not looking foolish, we go along with what the group does) (social norms)
Informational influence (assuming that the behavior of a group provides information about the right way to act.)

Question 27

What famous experiment revealed conformity

Answer 27

Asch’s research with the comparison line (1955)

Question 28

What are the 3 ways to induce compliance?

Answer 28

Foot in the door (agree to small now, will comply with large request later)
Door in the face (refuse a large request, comply to a smaller one)
Lowballing: agree to buy smthg to a certain price, you’ll accept adding to the price)

Question 29

What is the name remembrance effect?

Answer 29

Using people’s name affect their willingness to make purchases.

Question 30

What does state Festinger’s theory

Answer 30

Cognitive dissonance occur when there is a contradiction bw 2 attitudes or an attitude and a behavior.

Question 31

What are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Answer 31

Postdecisional dissonance: when we made a decision we tend to focus on the benefit of the option we prefer and the disadvantages of the one we chose to neglect.
Insufficient justification : 1$ vs 20$. No cognitive dissonance for 1 $
Justification of effort: when we do something difficult painful or embarrassing in order to achieve a goal, when the goal is met we find it even more valuable than before.