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Psychology 1 > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

social psych

A

how you interact with and impact others, how others interact with and affect you

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2
Q

attitude

A

stable opinion on a thing, impacts actions-enduring pattern

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3
Q

ABC of attitude

A
  • affect–>behaviorcognition

- emotions about something affect how you act, then thinking could influence behavior, behavior could influence thinking

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4
Q

prejudice

A

included in attitude-negative attitude, act badly

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5
Q

halo effect

A

good attitude about someone influences how you treat them-good kid, everyone likes them, assume sick when skips school, meanwhile kids w bad rep when skip school gets accused of skipping

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6
Q

how do we form attitudes

A
  • form attitudes based on experiences-enjoyed broccoli so decide like broccoli (so basically operant conditioning)
  • through social learning-media and friends/fam/others
  • to change someone’s opinion-use persuasion like propaganda
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7
Q

persuasion

A

getting people to form an opinion on something they didn’t think about before or something they had an opposite opinion on

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8
Q

routes to persuasion-and the 2 kinds

A
  • what strategies should you use to get someone to follow/agree with you?
  • central route to persuasion: use in persuasive essays-use actual evidence to support your position-works with analytical/smart people
  • peripheral route to persuasion: say/show cool kids like it-kids wanna be cool kids-works best with younger kids, more impressionable people
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9
Q

how does persuasion work?

A
  • think about audience-who are you selling to-can choose which route to persuasion makes sense-what kind of message are they gonna pay attention to?
  • mere exposure effect
  • is your source credible? esp w peripheral route to persuasion
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10
Q

persuasion: mere exposure effect

A

simply by exposing someone to your message multiple times makes them like it better-why ads play over and over again-like things better if familiar

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11
Q

attitudes and behavior

A
  • typically, attitude drives behavior-esp if have strong opinion about it
  • cognitive dissonance and cognitive consistency between attitudes and behavior-Festinger
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12
Q

Self Perception Theory

A
  • only happens when you don’t already have an opinion/attitude about something, or it’s ambiguous and you’re not really sure what to think
  • behavior drives attitude-go to west VA-like it, was indifferent before
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13
Q

Social Cognition

A
  • using information you have about others to make judgement about others or yourself-know friends’ new college friends will be cool cuz trust their judgement
  • some of this can be relying on stereotypes to make a bad judgement
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14
Q

Social cognition: Person-Perception

A

an impression of someone-want to make a good first impression cuz 1st impression is very important
-primacy effect-things you see first and last on list, you remember best-here it means you will remember first couple of days of school best, form impression for rest of year, will remember that

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15
Q

Social cognition: Attribution

A
  • Heider-figure out why people acting the way they are-how do I explain someone’s actions-your attitude towards a person can be very much driven by how you explain their behavior-person did something selfish, say they’re mean vs. say they’re having a bad day-will treat them diff based on which one
  • situation attribution-behavior based on 1 particular situation-bad day
  • dispositional attribution-the person always acts like that cuz they’re mean
  • fundamental attribution error-tend to blame the person’s personality instead of situation
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16
Q

mistakes in attribution heuristics

A
  • if you make a mistake, may misjudge someone
  • fundamental attribution error-make dispositional attribution instead of situational
  • self-serving bias-if you do well, give yourself credit, if do badly, not your fault-blame others for failures, give yourself credit for successes-make sometimes wrong judgements about yourself
  • social desirability-diff meaning in this unit-negatives have more weight than positives-if do something bad, remembered for it, not remembered for something food-remember bad thing about someone and not good-say don’t like them-when really it’s 1 action you didn’t like
  • self-handicapping-premeditated excuse making-worried will do badly on it-spend all this time talking about how won’t have time to study, will be bust, will not do well-so when don’t do well, justified-at its extreme, actually carry out action, sabatoge yourself, don’t study
  • “just world” phenomenon-we like to think the world is a fair place-if something bad happens to someone, assume deserved it, bad person-and works for something good happening to someone, assume good person, deserved it-ex: blaming victim-judge someone based on what happens to them
17
Q

Social Cognition: schema

A
  • sometimes a stereotype helps you make a quick judgement, but sometimes wrong
  • even positive stereotypes may cause you problems-if you don’t live up to positive stereotype, not good cook when Italian-feel bad about yourself
  • may live down to yourself-if negative stereotype, may fulfill it
  • confirmation bias (once you have an idea about someone, tend to only use info that supports that idea), belief persistence(belief about someone/something persists even after confronted with evidence that disproves it), and self-fulfilling prophecy (explains how other people’s attitudes towards us may influence our behavior and thoughts and our opinions of others will affect how you treat others
18
Q

Social Cognition: Social Comparison

A
  • aka Social Referencing
  • gonna evaluate yourself in comparison to others/using others as a reference-can be useful, can be bad if comparing yourself to only people better-have to choose right social comparison group so as not to inflate your abilities or make yourself feel bad
19
Q

Social Influence-Conformity, Compliance, Obedience

A

increasing levels of pressure you put on someone to get them to do something

20
Q

conformity

A
  • unspoken, indirect pressure-changing your behavior to match what you think is expected of you-can be problematic, dangerous, usually harmless though, can be helpful in work environment
  • Asch’s conformity experiment-groups of ppl with 3 lines diff length and a comparison line, asked which of 3 lines it was closest to, one clear answer but had only 1 test subject then people working for the experimenter, all them said wrong one so the test subject would usually say that same wrong one-proved people conform, even to wrong opinion
  • factors that encourage conformity-1) if you really want to conform to a group, more likely to-2) size of the group-small groups encourage conformity cuz don’t want to be the 1 diff one-and big groups cuz lose sense of identity-3)if ask you to do something or if you do something in front of others, more likely to conform-4)how cohesive is the group-10 friends vs 10 strangers-may be good cuz friends cuz same interests-5) in ambiguous situations, when don’t know what you’re supposed to do, conformity easiest and usually best
21
Q

compliance

A
  • direct pressure-generally a request, selling you something
  • factors that increase compliance-1) foot in door technique-start out with something small, then increase-sell knife then get person to get whole set-2)door in the face technique-start out with high request, slightly outrageous, then work you down
22
Q

obedience

A

responding to direct pressure-demand or request with punishment implied-Milgram obedience experiment (shocking people)

23
Q

Group Behaviors: social inhibition and social facilitation

A
  • what happens when you have to do something in front of others
  • if you’re good at something, like having an audience (social facilitation)
  • if you’re bad or think you’re bad, audience is scary-makes you worse-stage fright-social inhibition
24
Q

Group behaviors: social dilemma

A
  • when you’re in a group do you do what’s best for you or for the group?
  • usually what’s best for you isn’t what’s best for the group and therefore you in the long term-but some people prefer immediate gratification-so we tend to make choices that help us in short term and not long term
  • fall into social trap-choose immediate benefit and hurt yourself in long run
  • tragedy of the commons-use up resources in an area to benefit in short term but ruin area for long term
  • Prisoners’ dilemma-2 prisoners, separate, tell police what know and will go free and other will get in trouble-need to know what other prisoner is saying to know what’s best but can’t
25
Q

Group behaviors: group decision making (2 things)

A
  • group polarization: when you put people who have same views about risk in group together, tend to exaggerate individual’s risk-group decision more dangerous than decision you’re make alone-works opposite way with risk-averse people becoming more cautious in groups too-traits magnified in group
  • groupthink: a whole group of people together, don’t think, just do along with the most powerful voice-maybe don’t want to be critical, doubt own thoughts-so end up in group that makes lousy decision, some people in group knew it was bad and didn’t say anything
26
Q

group behaviors: social loafing

A

when people work togehther in a group, some people in group will work less hard if it’s only a group grade/evaluation-so when put together groups, make individual people responsible for diff parts, graded separately for some stuff

27
Q

Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help

A

-lots of situations when you’re in a group and know someone needs help and won’t offer it-sometimes don’t notice they need help though

  • pluralistic ignorance: not cuz choosing not to help, just don’t realize need help-group is ignorant of the fact someone needs help, may think person is overreacting adn they’re fine, not big problem
  • sometimes good not to give help if person doesn’t want it
  • but usually better to offer just in case
28
Q

Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-bystander effect

A

the more people who witness an event where someone needs help, the less likely anyone will help

29
Q

Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-diffusion of responsibility

A

if there’s a lot of people there, assume you’re not the one who needs to give the help, not responsible, not your problem-Kitty Genovese case

30
Q

Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-pluralistic ignorance

A
  • not cuz choosing not to help, just don’t realize need help-group is ignorant of the fact someone needs help, may think person is overreacting adn they’re fine, not big problem
  • sometimes good not to give help if person doesn’t want it
  • but usually better to offer just in case
31
Q

Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-deindividuation

A
  • you stop thinking of people/yourself as individuals
  • typically cuz other person/you are in a large group
  • why people riot at soccer games
  • forget responsible for actions
  • can be dangerous-esp when stop thinking of others as individuals-easier to do terrible things to them if stop treating them like humans-genocides
32
Q

Group behaviors: personal space

A
  • we have an idea of how close you can get to someone and it still be appropriate/okay-based on culture/person
  • kids have diff definition of personal space
  • okay to infringe upon if crowded
33
Q

Antisocial Behavior-prejudice

A

thoughts-judging an individual based on his.her group membership-learned-even pos stereotypes can hurt a person if don’t live up to them-negative stereotypes about a group can cause you to treat people from it badly

34
Q

prejudice: social categories

A

aka descriptive categories-we group people into categories, maybe by gender, race, age-can be harmless-helpful even

35
Q

prejudice: stereotypes

A

make broad generalization about entire social category-might make assumptions about what member of category can do, thinks

36
Q

prejudice: ingroup-outgroup bias

A
  • how do you think of your group (us-ingroup) and other group (them-outgroup)
  • tend to think better of ingroup
  • ingroup shifts-includes just friends at lunch,seniors at pep rally-school at game-depending on situation
  • outgroup homegeneity bias-tend to see everyone in outgroup as the same and inferior
37
Q

Theories to explain prejudice (2)

A
  • you learn a negative stereotype, start thinking of people as group members-prejudices develop-2 things to worry about here
  • competition for resources: prejudice and discrimination start when competition for resources-start to look at other group as bad guy, think of reasons to deprive them-competition, they’re the enemy-the people at the bottom tend to act on these the most
  • social identity: if you feel like you belong in a group, helps, good-some groups are bad, nothing to be proud of, so turns into which group are we better than-group identity really based around hating other group-at least we’re not __-so make everyone feel like they’ve got something going for them to avoid this
38
Q

Results of prejudice

A
  • prejudice can lead to discrimination, this leads to bad things-cyclical-targets look for someone else to victimize to feel more powerful
  • prejudice and discrimination can really hurt victims, can’t accomplish everything they would have cuz lose self-confidence

Psychology 1 (8 decks)

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