Social Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
social psych
A
how you interact with and impact others, how others interact with and affect you
2
Q
attitude
A
stable opinion on a thing, impacts actions-enduring pattern
3
Q
ABC of attitude
A
- affect–>behaviorcognition
- emotions about something affect how you act, then thinking could influence behavior, behavior could influence thinking
4
Q
prejudice
A
included in attitude-negative attitude, act badly
5
Q
halo effect
A
good attitude about someone influences how you treat them-good kid, everyone likes them, assume sick when skips school, meanwhile kids w bad rep when skip school gets accused of skipping
6
Q
how do we form attitudes
A
- form attitudes based on experiences-enjoyed broccoli so decide like broccoli (so basically operant conditioning)
- through social learning-media and friends/fam/others
- to change someone’s opinion-use persuasion like propaganda
7
Q
persuasion
A
getting people to form an opinion on something they didn’t think about before or something they had an opposite opinion on
8
Q
routes to persuasion-and the 2 kinds
A
- what strategies should you use to get someone to follow/agree with you?
- central route to persuasion: use in persuasive essays-use actual evidence to support your position-works with analytical/smart people
- peripheral route to persuasion: say/show cool kids like it-kids wanna be cool kids-works best with younger kids, more impressionable people
9
Q
how does persuasion work?
A
- think about audience-who are you selling to-can choose which route to persuasion makes sense-what kind of message are they gonna pay attention to?
- mere exposure effect
- is your source credible? esp w peripheral route to persuasion
10
Q
persuasion: mere exposure effect
A
simply by exposing someone to your message multiple times makes them like it better-why ads play over and over again-like things better if familiar
11
Q
attitudes and behavior
A
- typically, attitude drives behavior-esp if have strong opinion about it
- cognitive dissonance and cognitive consistency between attitudes and behavior-Festinger
12
Q
Self Perception Theory
A
- only happens when you don’t already have an opinion/attitude about something, or it’s ambiguous and you’re not really sure what to think
- behavior drives attitude-go to west VA-like it, was indifferent before
13
Q
Social Cognition
A
- using information you have about others to make judgement about others or yourself-know friends’ new college friends will be cool cuz trust their judgement
- some of this can be relying on stereotypes to make a bad judgement
14
Q
Social cognition: Person-Perception
A
an impression of someone-want to make a good first impression cuz 1st impression is very important
-primacy effect-things you see first and last on list, you remember best-here it means you will remember first couple of days of school best, form impression for rest of year, will remember that
15
Q
Social cognition: Attribution
A
- Heider-figure out why people acting the way they are-how do I explain someone’s actions-your attitude towards a person can be very much driven by how you explain their behavior-person did something selfish, say they’re mean vs. say they’re having a bad day-will treat them diff based on which one
- situation attribution-behavior based on 1 particular situation-bad day
- dispositional attribution-the person always acts like that cuz they’re mean
- fundamental attribution error-tend to blame the person’s personality instead of situation
16
Q
mistakes in attribution heuristics
A
- if you make a mistake, may misjudge someone
- fundamental attribution error-make dispositional attribution instead of situational
- self-serving bias-if you do well, give yourself credit, if do badly, not your fault-blame others for failures, give yourself credit for successes-make sometimes wrong judgements about yourself
- social desirability-diff meaning in this unit-negatives have more weight than positives-if do something bad, remembered for it, not remembered for something food-remember bad thing about someone and not good-say don’t like them-when really it’s 1 action you didn’t like
- self-handicapping-premeditated excuse making-worried will do badly on it-spend all this time talking about how won’t have time to study, will be bust, will not do well-so when don’t do well, justified-at its extreme, actually carry out action, sabatoge yourself, don’t study
- “just world” phenomenon-we like to think the world is a fair place-if something bad happens to someone, assume deserved it, bad person-and works for something good happening to someone, assume good person, deserved it-ex: blaming victim-judge someone based on what happens to them
17
Q
Social Cognition: schema
A
- sometimes a stereotype helps you make a quick judgement, but sometimes wrong
- even positive stereotypes may cause you problems-if you don’t live up to positive stereotype, not good cook when Italian-feel bad about yourself
- may live down to yourself-if negative stereotype, may fulfill it
- confirmation bias (once you have an idea about someone, tend to only use info that supports that idea), belief persistence(belief about someone/something persists even after confronted with evidence that disproves it), and self-fulfilling prophecy (explains how other people’s attitudes towards us may influence our behavior and thoughts and our opinions of others will affect how you treat others
18
Q
Social Cognition: Social Comparison
A
- aka Social Referencing
- gonna evaluate yourself in comparison to others/using others as a reference-can be useful, can be bad if comparing yourself to only people better-have to choose right social comparison group so as not to inflate your abilities or make yourself feel bad
19
Q
Social Influence-Conformity, Compliance, Obedience
A
increasing levels of pressure you put on someone to get them to do something
20
Q
conformity
A
- unspoken, indirect pressure-changing your behavior to match what you think is expected of you-can be problematic, dangerous, usually harmless though, can be helpful in work environment
- Asch’s conformity experiment-groups of ppl with 3 lines diff length and a comparison line, asked which of 3 lines it was closest to, one clear answer but had only 1 test subject then people working for the experimenter, all them said wrong one so the test subject would usually say that same wrong one-proved people conform, even to wrong opinion
- factors that encourage conformity-1) if you really want to conform to a group, more likely to-2) size of the group-small groups encourage conformity cuz don’t want to be the 1 diff one-and big groups cuz lose sense of identity-3)if ask you to do something or if you do something in front of others, more likely to conform-4)how cohesive is the group-10 friends vs 10 strangers-may be good cuz friends cuz same interests-5) in ambiguous situations, when don’t know what you’re supposed to do, conformity easiest and usually best
21
Q
compliance
A
- direct pressure-generally a request, selling you something
- factors that increase compliance-1) foot in door technique-start out with something small, then increase-sell knife then get person to get whole set-2)door in the face technique-start out with high request, slightly outrageous, then work you down
22
Q
obedience
A
responding to direct pressure-demand or request with punishment implied-Milgram obedience experiment (shocking people)
23
Q
Group Behaviors: social inhibition and social facilitation
A
- what happens when you have to do something in front of others
- if you’re good at something, like having an audience (social facilitation)
- if you’re bad or think you’re bad, audience is scary-makes you worse-stage fright-social inhibition
24
Q
Group behaviors: social dilemma
A
- when you’re in a group do you do what’s best for you or for the group?
- usually what’s best for you isn’t what’s best for the group and therefore you in the long term-but some people prefer immediate gratification-so we tend to make choices that help us in short term and not long term
- fall into social trap-choose immediate benefit and hurt yourself in long run
- tragedy of the commons-use up resources in an area to benefit in short term but ruin area for long term
- Prisoners’ dilemma-2 prisoners, separate, tell police what know and will go free and other will get in trouble-need to know what other prisoner is saying to know what’s best but can’t
25
Group behaviors: group decision making (2 things)
- group polarization: when you put people who have same views about risk in group together, tend to exaggerate individual's risk-group decision more dangerous than decision you're make alone-works opposite way with risk-averse people becoming more cautious in groups too-traits magnified in group
- groupthink: a whole group of people together, don't think, just do along with the most powerful voice-maybe don't want to be critical, doubt own thoughts-so end up in group that makes lousy decision, some people in group knew it was bad and didn't say anything
26
group behaviors: social loafing
when people work togehther in a group, some people in group will work less hard if it's only a group grade/evaluation-so when put together groups, make individual people responsible for diff parts, graded separately for some stuff
27
Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help
-lots of situations when you're in a group and know someone needs help and won't offer it-sometimes don't notice they need help though
- pluralistic ignorance: not cuz choosing not to help, just don't realize need help-group is ignorant of the fact someone needs help, may think person is overreacting adn they're fine, not big problem
- sometimes good not to give help if person doesn't want it
- but usually better to offer just in case
28
Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-bystander effect
the more people who witness an event where someone needs help, the less likely anyone will help
29
Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-diffusion of responsibility
if there's a lot of people there, assume you're not the one who needs to give the help, not responsible, not your problem-Kitty Genovese case
30
Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-pluralistic ignorance
- not cuz choosing not to help, just don't realize need help-group is ignorant of the fact someone needs help, may think person is overreacting adn they're fine, not big problem
- sometimes good not to give help if person doesn't want it
- but usually better to offer just in case
31
Group behaviors: helping/ignoring others who need help-deindividuation
- you stop thinking of people/yourself as individuals
- typically cuz other person/you are in a large group
- why people riot at soccer games
- forget responsible for actions
- can be dangerous-esp when stop thinking of others as individuals-easier to do terrible things to them if stop treating them like humans-genocides
32
Group behaviors: personal space
- we have an idea of how close you can get to someone and it still be appropriate/okay-based on culture/person
- kids have diff definition of personal space
- okay to infringe upon if crowded
33
Antisocial Behavior-prejudice
thoughts-judging an individual based on his.her group membership-learned-even pos stereotypes can hurt a person if don't live up to them-negative stereotypes about a group can cause you to treat people from it badly
34
prejudice: social categories
aka descriptive categories-we group people into categories, maybe by gender, race, age-can be harmless-helpful even
35
prejudice: stereotypes
make broad generalization about entire social category-might make assumptions about what member of category can do, thinks
36
prejudice: ingroup-outgroup bias
- how do you think of your group (us-ingroup) and other group (them-outgroup)
- tend to think better of ingroup
- ingroup shifts-includes just friends at lunch,seniors at pep rally-school at game-depending on situation
- outgroup homegeneity bias-tend to see everyone in outgroup as the same and inferior
37
Theories to explain prejudice (2)
- you learn a negative stereotype, start thinking of people as group members-prejudices develop-2 things to worry about here
- competition for resources: prejudice and discrimination start when competition for resources-start to look at other group as bad guy, think of reasons to deprive them-competition, they're the enemy-the people at the bottom tend to act on these the most
- social identity: if you feel like you belong in a group, helps, good-some groups are bad, nothing to be proud of, so turns into which group are we better than-group identity really based around hating other group-at least we're not __-so make everyone feel like they've got something going for them to avoid this
38
Results of prejudice
- prejudice can lead to discrimination, this leads to bad things-cyclical-targets look for someone else to victimize to feel more powerful
- prejudice and discrimination can really hurt victims, can't accomplish everything they would have cuz lose self-confidence
