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Introduction to Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are social processes?

A

Social interactions between people.

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2
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The field of study examining the effects of social processes on a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.

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3
Q

What is a major consideration of social psychology?

A

The similarities and differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviours across cultures.

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4
Q

Where was the Muller-Lyer illusion tested in Australia?

A

Torres Strait

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5
Q

What is the Muller-Lyer test?

A

The illusion where one line appears to be longer than the other because of the sharp angles surrounding them.

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6
Q

Why are more industrialised societies more susceptible to the Muller-Lyer illusion?

A

Because industrialised societies are more likely to be exposed to sharp angled lines of modern buildings compared to small-scale societies.

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7
Q

What is indigenous psychology?

A

Psychologies originating from a local cultural and geographical reality.

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8
Q

What cultural contexts dominate the understanding of social psychology?

A

Europe and North America

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9
Q

Name a case in which indigenous psychology differed from western social psychology?

A

2004 Tsunami in Sri Lanka

Western Psychologists using western interventions

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10
Q

What are social norms?

A

The shared expectations of how people should think, feel, and behave

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11
Q

What are three examples of social norms (that vary among cultures)?

A
  1. Attraction
  2. Respect
  3. Trauma
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12
Q

What is the name of the researcher for the original social norm conformity experiment?

A

Asch

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13
Q

What were the findings of Asch’s conformity experiment?

A

75% of students were likely to conform and make the same wrong answer as the group they’re in

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14
Q

What are four factors affecting conformity?

A
  1. Group size
  2. Unanimity
  3. Private response
  4. Expertise, status
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15
Q

What is conformity?

A

The adjustment of individual behaviours, attitudes and beliefs to fit with a group standard.

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16
Q

What were the findings of Stanley Milgram’s study on obedience?

A

2/3 of the participants continued to shock and hurt the person because they were told to.

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17
Q

What is obedience?

A

The adherence to instructions from those of higher authority.

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18
Q

What are two findings of Milgram’s study?

A
  1. The effects of authority on a person’s actions
  2. Helps understand how people commit atrocities
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19
Q

What did Milgram’s study do for future psychological research?

A

Improved standards of research ethics.

20
Q

What is one example of how people understand their social environment?

A

Attribution

21
Q

Define Attribution.

A

The process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour and that of others.

22
Q

What are the two types of attribution?

A
  1. Personal attribution (internal, dispositional)
  2. Situational attribution (external)
23
Q

Define personal attribution.

A

An explanation of a person’s behaviour as caused by dispositional, or internal factors.

24
Q

Define situational attribution.

A

An explanation of a person’s behaviour as caused by situational, or external factors.

25
Q

Give two examples of using personal (internal) attribution.

A
  1. “A man is acting rude because (internally) he is a jerk.”
  2. “A man is crying because (internally) he is feeling sad”
26
Q

Give two examples of using situational (external) attribution.

A
  1. “A man is being rude because (externally) he is under a lot of stress in his life”
  2. “A man is crying because his girlfriend just dumped him”
27
Q

Explain what is meant by the consequences of attributions.

A

The resulting interpretation of a behaviour because of the type of attribution used.

28
Q

Give one example of how using personal or situational attributions can significantly change the interpretation of one’s behaviour.

A

Personal or situational attribution of homeless man.

(negative) Personal:
- he’s lazy
- unmotivated
- unskilled

(positive) Situational:
- he’s unemployed
- unfortunate circumstances
- lost his house

29
Q

What types of attributions are made by satisfied and unsatisfied spouses for their partners positive and negative behaviours? What is this an example of?

A

Satisfied spouse:
Positive behaviour = personal attribution
Negative behaviour = situational attribution

Unsatisfied spouse:
Positive behaviour = situational attribution
Negative behaviour = personal attribution

Example of the consequences of attribution

30
Q

What are the two biases in attribution?

A
  1. Self-serving bias
  2. Fundamental attribution error
31
Q

What is a self-serving bias?

A

The tendency to explain one’s successes in terms of internal factors but failures in terms of external factors.

32
Q

What is the purpose of the self-serving bias?

A

To protect self-image with biased attributions.

33
Q

Describe one example of a self-serving bias.

A

(Positive) does well on test = personal attribution (e.g., “I am smart”)

(Negative) does poorly on test = situational attribution (e.g., “teacher doesn’t like me”)

34
Q

Define the fundamental attribution error.

A

To underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people’s behaviour.

35
Q

What is a common example of the fundamental attribution error?

A

Attribution of erratic driving.

Underestimate situation = probably not going to hospital

Overestimate person = most likely a stupid person

36
Q

Describe one example in differences in fundamental attribution error between cultures.

A

USA and India

Negative event:
- USA adults make more personal attributions the older they get
- USA adults make less situational attributions the older they get
- Indian adults make more personal but much more situational attributions the older they get

37
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

When people’s expectations lead them to act in a way that brings about the expected behaviours in themselves or others.

38
Q

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy an example of?

A

A consequence of attribution

39
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A belief about a person’s characteristics on the basis of their group membership.

40
Q

Why are stereotypes useful?

A

They’re mental shortcuts for understanding people.

41
Q

What is prejudice?

A

Emotional reactions toward someone on the basis of their group membership.

Can be negative and positive.

42
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behavioural reactions towards someone on the basis of their group membership.

Can be negative and positive.

43
Q

What are three types of stereotypes?

A
  1. Positive
  2. Neutral
  3. Negative
44
Q

What are two causes of prejudice toward a group of people?

A
  1. Perceived threat to situation
  2. Perceived threat to self
45
Q

What are the two types of prejudice?

A
  1. Explicit prejudice
  2. Implicit prejudice
46
Q

What is explicit prejudice?

A

Prejudice that people express in public.

47
Q

What is implicit prejudice?

A

Prejudice that people hide from the public.

Introduction to Psychology (6 decks)

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