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Introduction to Psychology > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a definition of motivation?

A

The factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behaviour.

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2
Q

What are the three fundamental physiological motivations of people?

A
  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Sex
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3
Q

What is one cognitive factor that influences motivation?

A

Perceptions of the world (e.g., what you can and can’t do)

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4
Q

What are three social factors that influence motivation?

A
  1. Family
  2. Friends
  3. Culture
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5
Q

What are the three emotional factors that influence motivation?

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Anger
  3. Sadness
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6
Q

What are three points proposed by the Instinct Theory for motivation?

A
  1. Motivations are unlearned (Instinctual)
  2. Motivations are expressed the same
  3. Motivations are universal in a species
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7
Q

Describe the Yerkes-Dodson Law.

A

The theory focuses on performance and arousal (motivation):

Low performance = low arousal

Mid performance = mid arousal

High performance = high arousal

Except,
Low performance on hard task = high arousal

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8
Q

Briefly describe the Drive Reduction Theory?

A

Humans are driven to achieve homeostasis.

Drives can lead to behaviours that increase or decrease arousal levels in order to attain homeostasis.

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9
Q

What are the three stages of the Drive Reduction Theory?

A
  1. Need
  2. Drive
  3. Drive-reducing behaviour
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10
Q

What are primary drives?

A

Biological drives (e.g., sex deprivation, hunger)

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11
Q

What are drives in the Drive Reduction Theory?

A

Motivations to fulfil certain behaviours in order to reach/return to homeostasis

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12
Q

What are secondary drives?

A

Fulfilment of learned drives (e.g., going to work to earn money)

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13
Q

What is an incentive according to the incentive theories?

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that can motivate behaviour.

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14
Q

How are drive states activated using the incentive theories?

A

Drive states are activated by external sources (rewards) rather than the deprivation of needs.

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15
Q

What does it mean when you WANT something according to the incentives theories?

A

Being attracted to an incentive

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16
Q

What does it mean when you LIKE something according to the incentives theories?

A

Liking is the evaluation of how pleasurable a stimulus is (e.g., like = pleasurable, don’t like = not pleasurable)

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17
Q

Which is more powerful according to the incentives theory, wanting or liking?

A

Wanting is often far more powerful than liking

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18
Q

What are two common sexual instincts/motivations of males according to the Parental Investment Theory of Trivers 1972?

A

For reproductive success, men look for:
1. More partners
2. Youth and attractiveness

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19
Q

What are two common sexual instincts/motivations of females according to the Parental Investment Theory of Trivers 1972?

A

For reproductive success, women look for:
1. Fewer partners
2. Income and status

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20
Q

What is meant by the term ‘selfish gene’ (Dawkins, 1989)

A

Genes drive behaviour as a means of ensuring their longevity across generations

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21
Q

What are three concepts of attractiveness presented by Jones et al. (2001)?

A
  1. Symmetry an indicator of partner’s health, ‘good genes’
  2. Greater symmetry = higher rated attractiveness
  3. Health characteristics vary by gender (e.g., wide hips women, broad shoulders men)
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22
Q

What percentage of men and women self-identified as homosexual in Australia according to Burton, Weston, & Kowalski (2012)?

A

1.6% men / 0.8% women self-identified as homosexual in Australia.

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23
Q

What percentage of men and women report same-sex attraction or activity according to Burton, Weston, & Kowalski (2012)?

A

8.6% men / 15.1% women report same-sex attraction or activity.

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24
Q

Briefly explain the idea behind the self-determination theory.

A

Self-determination theory focuses on how three fundamental psychological needs are linked to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

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25
Q

What are the three fundamental psychological needs of the self-determination theory?

A
  1. Competence
  2. Autonomy
  3. Relatedness
26
Q

What is the motivation for attachment?

A

A person needs to have closeness with another person and thus is motivated to seek intimacy.

27
Q

What is intimacy?

A

Disclosure and mutual caring often experienced in adult relationships.

28
Q

What are three physiological functions supporting the drive reduction theory of hunger?

A
  1. Stomach contractions
  2. Blood glucose
  3. Hypothalamus
29
Q

What are three limitations of the biological perspective of hunger?

A
  1. Binge eating
  2. Eating disorders
  3. External factors (e.g, meal times, palatability)
30
Q

What are the two types of achievement motivation?

A
  1. Intrinsic motivation
  2. Extrinsic motivation
31
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

When someone is motivated to perform an activity because they find it enjoyable or challenging.

32
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

When someone performs an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.

33
Q

What are some basic examples of extrinsic motivations for achievement?

A
  1. Status
  2. Money
  3. Power
34
Q

Why is it preferable to have intrinsic motivation in order to succeed?

A

Because extrinsic motivation puts a lot of pressure on a person as they need achievement for motivation.

Intrinsic motivation puts less pressure on a person as they’re internally motivated to do their best.

35
Q

What was Deci’s initial findings of intrinsic motivation in his studies from 1971, 72, and 73?

A

External rewards were less effective than intrinsic motivation.

People with intrinsic motivation spent more time on a task than people with extrinsic motivation.

36
Q

What were the two major findings of Cameron and Pierce (1994) about intrinsic motivation?

A
  1. no real influence of external rewards on intrinsic motivation
  2. verbal rewards can improve intrinsic motivation
37
Q

What was the main finding of the Cognitive Evaluation Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985)?

A

There are two types of extrinsic rewards:
1. Informative rewards
2. Controlling rewards

38
Q

What are the three factors of the Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985-2009)?

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Competence
  3. Relatedness
39
Q

Describe autonomy as one of the three factors of the Self-Determination Theory Deci and Ryan, 1985-2009).

A

Motivation needs to come from the oneself; interest

40
Q

Describe competence as one of the three factors of the Self-Determination Theory Deci and Ryan, 1985-2009).

A

Motivation is influenced by a person’s self-efficacy

41
Q

Describe relatedness as one of the three factors of the Self-Determination Theory Deci and Ryan, 1985-2009).

A

Motivation comes from the connectedness with other people/sense of belonging

42
Q

What are the two types of need for achievement?

A
  1. High need for achievement (nAch)
  2. Low need for achievement (nAch)
43
Q

What are three qualities of tasks that would interest a person with a high nAch?

A
  1. Activities that require planning
  2. Individual responsibility for outcome
  3. Moderate difficulty or risk
44
Q

How does a low nAch affect a person’s choice of task?

A

They may choose tasks that are either:
1. Too easy
2. Overwhelmingly difficult

45
Q

How is need for achievement linked to a person’s career according to Collins, Hanges, and Locke (2004)?

A
  1. Choice of career (creative, entrepreneurial) linked to nAch
  2. Performance at work positively linked to nAch
46
Q

What are the five stages of needs of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Highest
5. Self-actualization needs
4. Esteem needs
3. Belongingness and love needs
2. Safety needs
1. Physiological needs
Lowest

47
Q

What are the two limitations of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A
  1. Does not explain how individuals can forego lower order needs to focus on higher order needs
  2. Physiological and safety needs fulfilment varies based on cultural variables
48
Q

What is the theory that ‘improved’ upon Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

The Existence, Relatedness, and Growth (ERG) Theory (Alderfer, 1969)

49
Q

What is the main difference between the ERG Theory (Alderfer, 1969) and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

The ERG Theory rates Existence, Relatedness, and Growth as independent of each other and contributing to a person’s overall wellbeing, rather than hierarchical as in Maslow’s theory.

50
Q

What Maslow’s needs align with each factor of the ERG Theory?

A

Existence = Physcological, and safety needs
Relatedness = Social, and self-esteem needs
Growth = Self-actualization needs

51
Q

What are the three basic types of motivational conflict?

A
  1. Approach-approach conflict
  2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
  3. Approach-avoidance conflict
52
Q

What is an approach-approach motivational conflict?

A

Motivational conflict is greatest when we must choose between two desirable alternatives. (e.g., two really good career options)

53
Q

What is an avoidance-avoidance motivational conflict?

A

Motivational conflict when we must choose between two undesirable alternatives (e.g., study boring material for an exam, or skip studying and fail)

54
Q

What is an approach-avoidance motivational conflict?

A

Motivational conflict when a person is equally attracted to and repelled by the same goal. (e.g., a man desires an intimate relationship with a woman but fears rejection)

55
Q

How does the desire to approach and avoid a task change?

A

Approach and avoidance tendencies grow stronger as we get nearer to a desired goal.

56
Q

In motivational conflict, which tendencies grow in strength faster than the other?

A

Avoidance tendency increases in strength faster than the approach tendency

57
Q

What does the BAS do?

A

The behavioural activation system (BAS) is roused to action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification.

58
Q

What does the BIS?

A

The behavioural inhibition system (BIS) responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, non-reinforcement and punishment.

59
Q

How do people with a high BAS differ in personal preference to those with a high BIS?

A

BAS prefer change and novelty
BIS preference things that are familiar

60
Q

What type of motivation can cause a person to enter a ‘flow’ state?

A

Intrinsic motivation

61
Q

What is a ‘flow’ state

A

When a person with intrinsic motivation hyper-focuses on an activity.

Introduction to Psychology (6 decks)

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