Social Psychology Flashcards
what was Rosseaus theory of social psychology
man is good by natture and society is evil
what is hobbes theory of psychology
poore, nasty and brutish by nature and society prevents ‘war against all’
what are the five approaches to social psychology
cognitive, learning, motivational, biological and cultural
what does the cognitive approach mean
how perception affects behaviour
what is the learning approach of social psychology
reinforcement and imitation, focus on observational behaviour and ignore cognition
what is the motivational approach to social psychology
emphasis on basic human needs, based on evolutionary knowledge
what is the biological approach to social psychology
based on the evolutionary past and genetic disposition
what is the cultural approach to social psychology
how culture affects social behaviour
interpersonal explanation
based on what goes on inside a person - is there brain malfunctions etc
intergroup explination
why are specific groups more voilent
what did freud draw attention to
study of the unconscious, developmental aspects of personality and how talking can sure
what is the ID
the primitive, in the present, basic part of the psyche. constabtly wants satisfaction
what is the ego
uses reality principles and societal standards to limit but still try and achieve the IDs ideals
what is the superego
moral policeman, internalized rules of parents and society
what are the four defence mechanisms and what do they entail
displacement - when the impulse is redirected onto a safer route and take out anger on someone else
projection - when the issue is projected onto another person as afraid to admit it
reaction formation - when the opposite to the original wish is carried out
isolation - when no emotion is connected to the experience and someone has separated it from themselves. are able to talk about it calmly
what are the 5 stages of psycho development and their age brackets
oral (0-2), anal (2-4), phallic (4-6), latency (6-12) and genital (12+)
what is the oedipus complex
when boys sexually obsess over mother and hate father, thinks dad will castrate him which creates anxiety. eventually gets over it and identifies with father in hope of enjoying an erotic partner also
what happens to girls in the phallic stage
realizes she does not have a penis and feels as though she has been castrated, gets penis envy and turns sexual attention to father hoping he will give her a penis, in baby form, hates mother and eventually resolves by identifying with mother
what do difficulties in the oral, anal and phallic stage create
oral : oral fixation, smoking and thumb sucking
anal : anal retentiveness, obstinate and like painting
phallic : castration anxiety leads to homosexuality
(freud) what was a flawed experiment about repression
showed threatening and non-threatening words, threatening words took longer to report which he used to claim that threatening stimuli is repressed
components of attitude
cognitive, behavioural, affective
what is the likert scale
agree on scale to series of questions. BIAS as peolpe can lie
what is the bous pipeline
ppl gaslit into thinking opinions are being read by muscle expression
how does EMG measure attitude
activity of facial muscle measurement
what did LaPiere (1934) believe
toured with a chinese couple and called asking if they would be allowed in, 92% said no, howeer only 1 stopped them (out of 50)
according to the theory of planned behaviour, when is behaviour and attitude most in line
- when positive attitude towards behaviour
- when norms support attitude
- when behaviour is under our control
what does cognitive dissonance mean
how attitude changes to match behaviour
when does fear work as an emotional appeal
when the message evokes moderate fear or provides a feasible way to reduce threat
what did McAlidter et al do
attitude resliance - id be a chicken if i smoked just to impress you
definition of attribution
central perception that ‘peoples perception of the causes of an event affects what they do and how they feel’
what did frey and rogner say about attribution
following accidents, poelpe who blamed themselves took 1.5 times longer to recover
what are the two styles of attributoin and how do they apply
pessimistic - attributes to own internal characteristics. optimistic - attribute to external characteristics
what are the three levels of attribution
interpersonal, intrapersonal and intergroup
what is interpersonal attribution
what goes on in someones mind to make an attribution
intrapersonal attribution and its tendancies
mistakes of other person - internal, mistakes of self - external
what did Miller (1984) show
that individuals from western cultures favour dispositional explanations whereas ones from non-western cultures favour environmental explanations
what did McKnight find out
83% of people met significant other i familiar social setting, 6% in a casual setting
what did Mita et al claim
people prefer reversed version of selves as had more exposure to this version
what did white et al find
women rated looks 22nd, men 12th out of 32 traits
what did walster et al do and use
used school dance and scolastic ability tests and showed that if they found attractive, were more likely to date
what did Whipple find out about sex
than 90% of men would agree when approached by an attractive women, only 10% of women agree when approached by attractive man
what is social facilitation
how the presence of others influences our behaviour
what did Schmitt do (1986) - social facilitation
gave tasks out for people to perform and showed that when others were present, the ability to perform the simple task increased whereas the ability to do the complex task decreaseda
what did Jajonc do and prove
drive theory of facilitation - presence leads to increased arousal and increases the display of dominant reponse. if good will get better, if bad will get worse
what did latane and darley study about the diffusion of responsibility
group size increases, individual responability decreases. when put in a room and smoke comes out, 75% reacted when alone, only 1% when with others
what is deindividuation
presence of other people can have bizarre or negative effects. decrease in self awareness leads to increase in anti-social behaviour, anonymity leads to aggression and loss of self-awareness leads to anonymity
what did solomon asch show about anonymity
75% went with majority
what did milgram show with the teacher experiment
66% of poeple went to XXXDANGER level to the end
what is the definition of prejudice
holding of derogatory attitudes or beliefs, expression of negative/hostile/discriminatory behaviour toward member of a group
what did Adorno et al define the authoritarian personality as
like people in authority, hostile to those inferior
from a freudian perspective, why do poeple acquire an authoritian personality
derived from childhood, child basic instinct stifled and aggression displaced onto ethnic minorities so ppl over differential and submissive to authority, hostile to minorities
what are the two implicit assumptions of realistic group conflict theory
if the interests of both coincide, realtions will be harmonious, if there is conflict then relations will be hostile
what was stage 1 and stage 2 of SHERIFs field experiements
1 - divided into two groups and participated in cooperative group activities
2 - groups brought together and into competition with big prizes for winner
what did the competition in stage 2 create
hostility, sneakiness, wouldnt eat together, abuse and voilence
what was the minimal group paradigm and what did it show
an environment where basic conditions needed for discrimination were created and showed that discrimination occurs to those who belong in a different group than themselves
