DISORDERS Flashcards
what are the five elements of mental disorders?
Infrequency, Deviance, Distress, Disability, Danger
what are examples of deviance that are not classifications for mental disorders?
cultural and gender role deviansim
what are the two things that distress depends on
insight and self-awareness
what is the definition of a disabilty/impairment
the reduced capacity to engage in something
what are the 6 different evidence based treatment types and what do they include
biomedical - see it as a physical disease and treat it as such, psychodynamic - find root between past and current symptoms, behavioral - focus on the present and apply conditioning practices to fix the behaviour, cognitive-behavioral - HOW and WHAT we think (thoughts related to emotion), humanistic - teaching patient to seek fulfillment and reach their potential, integrated/eclectic - combination with the goal to meet individual needs
what is the definition of anxiety and how is it different to fear
apprehension about an anticipated issue and is FUTURE-orientated. feat is an autonomic response to something immediately and is instinctual
what is the yerkes-dodson law
some degree of anxiety may be motivational and there is an optimal level
The main characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder
GENERALIZED and PERSISTENT and happens in all aspects of life.
what is agoraphobia
two of…
- public transport
- open spaces
- enclosed spaces
- standing in line or in a crowd
- being outside of the home alone
are OCD or hoarding anxiety disorders?
no
what are common features of OCD
contamination, sexual or aggressive impulses, body problems, religion, symmetry or order
what are the DSM5 of PTSD
- exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence
- the presence of one or more intrusive symptoms
- avoidance of associated stimuli
- negative mood and cognition alterations
- marked alterations in arousal and activity
- duration of more than one month
difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder - requires at least one major depressive episode
persistent depressive disorder - not as severe but still very significant (2 years duration of more depression than not)
what is the ETIOLOGY
reasons/causation
what is the hereditary rate in depression
37%
what are the biochemical factors of depression
neurotransmitter and receptor sensitivity to norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine as well as the hormone levels (HPA axis, Cortisol levels)
what are the brain abnormalities that have been linked to depression
malfunctions in the emotional/limbic system, emotion regulation system and left frontal hemisphere
what did Aaron beck think of depression
that the way people think has a major impact on how someone feels. hopelessness and rumination as well as the negative triad (themselves, the world and the future)
what was Becks cognitive theory
increase activities and elevate mood, challenge automatic thoughts, identify negative thinking and biases and change primary attitudes and schemas to COGNITIVELY RESTRUCTURE
what aspects of therapy were these
behavioural, interpersonal and psychodynamic
what is the categorisation of schizophrenia (2+ of these)
- delusions, 2. hallucinations, 3. disorganized speech, 4. grossly organized or catatonic behaviour, 5. negative symptoms
what is alogia
does not speak (poverty of speech)
what is avolition
lack of drive/motivation
what is Anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
what are the three phases of schizophrenia and their characteristics
- prodromal (there are symptoms but not a full break from reality, socially isolated and feel rejected/fearful)
- active (meeting full threshold)
- residual (disorder declines in severity)
what is schizophreniform disorder
short duration of symptoms - short schiz
what is schizoaffective disorder
both mood disorder and schizophrenia independently
what is the etiology of schizophrenia
80% heritability with brain abnormalities
what is the dopamine paradox
there is excessive dopamine in the subcortical areas leading to the positive schiz symptoms and reduced dopamine in the PfC leading to the negative schiz symptoms
what are positive schiz symptoms
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behaviour
what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
affective flattening, alogia, anhedonia, avolition, social withdrawal
what do 1st gen antipsychotics do
reduce +ve symptoms, side effects include tardive dyskenesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
what do 2nd generation antipsychotics do
are commonly prescribed and effects both +ve and -ve symptoms
what is the difference between cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive restructuring in schizophrenia
challenges the attention focus (inattention over attention) whereas restructuring challenges delusional beliefs and psychoeducation
requirements for bipolar disorder
atleast one depressive and one manic episode
what is bipolar II disorder
one major depressive and one hypermanic disorder
what is cyclothymic disorder
one major depressive and one hyper manic
what is the physiological difference between manic and depression
MANIC
- Lower serotonin and higher epinephrine
DEPRESSION
- Low serotonin and low norepinephrine
*Dopamine is involved in both
what are the treatments (biological stabilizers) for BPD
lithium however there are lots of side effects, anticonvulsants (for seizures and good mood stabilizers), atypical antipsychotics (calming effect and help with sleep)
what does psychotherapy focus on
interpersonal relations, social skills and self-care, medication management
what is the mortality rate of AN
10-15%
what is the criteria for bulimia
recurrent binge eating at least once a month for 3 months and COMPENSATORY BEHAVIOURS, self-worth dependent on body shape and weight, severity depends on binges and compensatory behaviours per week
what are the four neurodevelopmental disorders
intellectual disability, learning disorders, autism spectrum disorders and ADHD
what are some behaviour disruptive disorders
externalizing disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
what are the three aspects of adaptive functioning
communication, social, practical
what is the etiology of autism
90% inheritibility, brain abnormalities, parental and birthing factors and possibly stress
what type of disorder is ADHD
neurodevelopmental. oppositional defiant and conduct disorder
what are the genetic heritability of ADHD
60-80%
what is ODD
oppositional defiant disorder. early onset and is argumentitive, has temper tantrums, refuse to follow rules, blame externamisation and there is anger and resentment
what is conduct disorder
severe ODD where damage to people and animals is done, destruction of property, decietfulness and theft and rule violation
are ODD adn CD genetic
yes, paritally. also familial, sociocultural
what is the definition of a personality disorder
enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture
what are the three clusters of personality disorders
A - odd or eccentric (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
B - dramatic, emotional or erratic (antisocial, borderline, histrionic)
C - anxious or fearful (avoidant, dependent, OCD)
what is the difference between schizoid and schizotypical PD
schizoid includes extreme social detachment, cold and unexpressive emotionally. schizotypical is psychoticism, magical ideation and sus and anxious in social settings
what type of schizophrenia symptoms are schizotypical and schizoid linked to
oid - negative (conceptually), typical - positive (conceptually). typical also has a higher genetic linkage
what are the four types of dramatic personality disorders
antisocial, borderline, narcissistic and histrionic
what is histrionic PD
extreme self-centeredness and need for attention/exhibition
what is narcissistic PD
grandiose self-appraisal, need for admiration, self-obsession and lack of empathy
what are the three anxious personality disorders
avoidant, OCD, dependant
what is a main feature of avoidant PD
pervasive social anxiety, fear of rejection and humiliation along with significant self-doubt
which personality disorder has evidence based treatments
BPD
what are psychopathy symptoms
superficial charm and grandiosity, pathological lying. lack of emotion such as guilt or remorse and the inability to form deep relationships
what is factor 1 of psychopathy
affective/interpersonal. amygdala based - poor fear conditioning, inability to read distress cues
what is factor 2 of psychopathy
antisocial behaviour. orbitofrontal cortex - disinhibition and poor emotional decision making
what are the psychodynamic and biopsychosocial etiologies of BPD
psychodynamic - early parental relationships where the child does not feel accepted
biopsychosocial - vulnerable to emotional dysregulation and invalidating childhood environments
what are the two Borderline PD treatment s
DBT (dialectal) and MBT (mentalization based)
what % have atleast one PD
12.16%
what are limitations of the DSM-5 system
inadequate scientific base and coverage, excessive comorbidity and no real line between normal and pathological, lots of diversity within the diagnosis
what is the DSM section III model
impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. self = identity and self-direction
interpersonal = empathy and intimacy
what is ICD-11 and what did it do
published in 2018 changed personality disorder diagnosis from categorical to dimensional
