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PSYC112 > DISORDERS > Flashcards

DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five elements of mental disorders?

A

Infrequency, Deviance, Distress, Disability, Danger

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2
Q

what are examples of deviance that are not classifications for mental disorders?

A

cultural and gender role deviansim

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3
Q

what are the two things that distress depends on

A

insight and self-awareness

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4
Q

what is the definition of a disabilty/impairment

A

the reduced capacity to engage in something

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5
Q

what are the 6 different evidence based treatment types and what do they include

A

biomedical - see it as a physical disease and treat it as such, psychodynamic - find root between past and current symptoms, behavioral - focus on the present and apply conditioning practices to fix the behaviour, cognitive-behavioral - HOW and WHAT we think (thoughts related to emotion), humanistic - teaching patient to seek fulfillment and reach their potential, integrated/eclectic - combination with the goal to meet individual needs

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6
Q

what is the definition of anxiety and how is it different to fear

A

apprehension about an anticipated issue and is FUTURE-orientated. feat is an autonomic response to something immediately and is instinctual

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7
Q

what is the yerkes-dodson law

A

some degree of anxiety may be motivational and there is an optimal level

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8
Q

The main characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder

A

GENERALIZED and PERSISTENT and happens in all aspects of life.

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9
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

two of…
- public transport
- open spaces
- enclosed spaces
- standing in line or in a crowd
- being outside of the home alone

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10
Q

are OCD or hoarding anxiety disorders?

A

no

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11
Q

what are common features of OCD

A

contamination, sexual or aggressive impulses, body problems, religion, symmetry or order

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12
Q

what are the DSM5 of PTSD

A
  • exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence
  • the presence of one or more intrusive symptoms
  • avoidance of associated stimuli
  • negative mood and cognition alterations
  • marked alterations in arousal and activity
  • duration of more than one month
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13
Q

difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

A

Major depressive disorder - requires at least one major depressive episode
persistent depressive disorder - not as severe but still very significant (2 years duration of more depression than not)

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14
Q

what is the ETIOLOGY

A

reasons/causation

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15
Q

what is the hereditary rate in depression

A

37%

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16
Q

what are the biochemical factors of depression

A

neurotransmitter and receptor sensitivity to norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine as well as the hormone levels (HPA axis, Cortisol levels)

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17
Q

what are the brain abnormalities that have been linked to depression

A

malfunctions in the emotional/limbic system, emotion regulation system and left frontal hemisphere

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18
Q

what did Aaron beck think of depression

A

that the way people think has a major impact on how someone feels. hopelessness and rumination as well as the negative triad (themselves, the world and the future)

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19
Q

what was Becks cognitive theory

A

increase activities and elevate mood, challenge automatic thoughts, identify negative thinking and biases and change primary attitudes and schemas to COGNITIVELY RESTRUCTURE

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20
Q

what aspects of therapy were these

A

behavioural, interpersonal and psychodynamic

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21
Q

what is the categorisation of schizophrenia (2+ of these)

A
  1. delusions, 2. hallucinations, 3. disorganized speech, 4. grossly organized or catatonic behaviour, 5. negative symptoms
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22
Q

what is alogia

A

does not speak (poverty of speech)

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23
Q

what is avolition

A

lack of drive/motivation

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24
Q

what is Anhedonia

A

inability to experience pleasure

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25
Q

what are the three phases of schizophrenia and their characteristics

A
  1. prodromal (there are symptoms but not a full break from reality, socially isolated and feel rejected/fearful)
  2. active (meeting full threshold)
  3. residual (disorder declines in severity)
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26
Q

what is schizophreniform disorder

A

short duration of symptoms - short schiz

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27
Q

what is schizoaffective disorder

A

both mood disorder and schizophrenia independently

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28
Q

what is the etiology of schizophrenia

A

80% heritability with brain abnormalities

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29
Q

what is the dopamine paradox

A

there is excessive dopamine in the subcortical areas leading to the positive schiz symptoms and reduced dopamine in the PfC leading to the negative schiz symptoms

30
Q

what are positive schiz symptoms

A

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behaviour

31
Q

what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

affective flattening, alogia, anhedonia, avolition, social withdrawal

32
Q

what do 1st gen antipsychotics do

A

reduce +ve symptoms, side effects include tardive dyskenesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome

33
Q

what do 2nd generation antipsychotics do

A

are commonly prescribed and effects both +ve and -ve symptoms

34
Q

what is the difference between cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive restructuring in schizophrenia

A

challenges the attention focus (inattention over attention) whereas restructuring challenges delusional beliefs and psychoeducation

35
Q

requirements for bipolar disorder

A

atleast one depressive and one manic episode

36
Q

what is bipolar II disorder

A

one major depressive and one hypermanic disorder

37
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder

A

one major depressive and one hyper manic

38
Q

what is the physiological difference between manic and depression

A

MANIC
- Lower serotonin and higher epinephrine
DEPRESSION
- Low serotonin and low norepinephrine
*Dopamine is involved in both

39
Q

what are the treatments (biological stabilizers) for BPD

A

lithium however there are lots of side effects, anticonvulsants (for seizures and good mood stabilizers), atypical antipsychotics (calming effect and help with sleep)

40
Q

what does psychotherapy focus on

A

interpersonal relations, social skills and self-care, medication management

41
Q

what is the mortality rate of AN

A

10-15%

42
Q

what is the criteria for bulimia

A

recurrent binge eating at least once a month for 3 months and COMPENSATORY BEHAVIOURS, self-worth dependent on body shape and weight, severity depends on binges and compensatory behaviours per week

43
Q

what are the four neurodevelopmental disorders

A

intellectual disability, learning disorders, autism spectrum disorders and ADHD

44
Q

what are some behaviour disruptive disorders

A

externalizing disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder

45
Q

what are the three aspects of adaptive functioning

A

communication, social, practical

46
Q

what is the etiology of autism

A

90% inheritibility, brain abnormalities, parental and birthing factors and possibly stress

47
Q
A
48
Q

what type of disorder is ADHD

A

neurodevelopmental. oppositional defiant and conduct disorder

49
Q

what are the genetic heritability of ADHD

A

60-80%

50
Q

what is ODD

A

oppositional defiant disorder. early onset and is argumentitive, has temper tantrums, refuse to follow rules, blame externamisation and there is anger and resentment

51
Q

what is conduct disorder

A

severe ODD where damage to people and animals is done, destruction of property, decietfulness and theft and rule violation

52
Q

are ODD adn CD genetic

A

yes, paritally. also familial, sociocultural

53
Q

what is the definition of a personality disorder

A

enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture

54
Q

what are the three clusters of personality disorders

A

A - odd or eccentric (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
B - dramatic, emotional or erratic (antisocial, borderline, histrionic)
C - anxious or fearful (avoidant, dependent, OCD)

55
Q

what is the difference between schizoid and schizotypical PD

A

schizoid includes extreme social detachment, cold and unexpressive emotionally. schizotypical is psychoticism, magical ideation and sus and anxious in social settings

56
Q

what type of schizophrenia symptoms are schizotypical and schizoid linked to

A

oid - negative (conceptually), typical - positive (conceptually). typical also has a higher genetic linkage

57
Q

what are the four types of dramatic personality disorders

A

antisocial, borderline, narcissistic and histrionic

58
Q

what is histrionic PD

A

extreme self-centeredness and need for attention/exhibition

59
Q

what is narcissistic PD

A

grandiose self-appraisal, need for admiration, self-obsession and lack of empathy

60
Q

what are the three anxious personality disorders

A

avoidant, OCD, dependant

61
Q

what is a main feature of avoidant PD

A

pervasive social anxiety, fear of rejection and humiliation along with significant self-doubt

62
Q

which personality disorder has evidence based treatments

A

BPD

63
Q

what are psychopathy symptoms

A

superficial charm and grandiosity, pathological lying. lack of emotion such as guilt or remorse and the inability to form deep relationships

64
Q

what is factor 1 of psychopathy

A

affective/interpersonal. amygdala based - poor fear conditioning, inability to read distress cues

65
Q

what is factor 2 of psychopathy

A

antisocial behaviour. orbitofrontal cortex - disinhibition and poor emotional decision making

66
Q

what are the psychodynamic and biopsychosocial etiologies of BPD

A

psychodynamic - early parental relationships where the child does not feel accepted
biopsychosocial - vulnerable to emotional dysregulation and invalidating childhood environments

67
Q

what are the two Borderline PD treatment s

A

DBT (dialectal) and MBT (mentalization based)

68
Q

what % have atleast one PD

A

12.16%

69
Q

what are limitations of the DSM-5 system

A

inadequate scientific base and coverage, excessive comorbidity and no real line between normal and pathological, lots of diversity within the diagnosis

70
Q

what is the DSM section III model

A

impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. self = identity and self-direction
interpersonal = empathy and intimacy

71
Q

what is ICD-11 and what did it do

A

published in 2018 changed personality disorder diagnosis from categorical to dimensional

72
Q
A

PSYC112 (2 decks)

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