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PSYC112 EXAM PREP > SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY > Flashcards

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social Psychology?

A

The attempt to understand, explain and predict how the thoughts, feelings and actions of individuals are influenced by the perceived, imagined or implied thoughts, feelings and actions of others

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2
Q

What did Rousseau say about human kind?

A

“Man is by nature good and only institutions make him bad”

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3
Q

What did Hobbes say about human kind?

A

“Man is by nature solitary, poore, hasty and brutish”

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4
Q

What are the 5 approaches to social psychology?

A

1) Cognitive (how perception affects behaviour)
2) Learning (Reinforcement and imitation)
3) Motivational (emphasis basic human needs)
4) Biological (evolution and genetic disposition)
5) Cultural (how they affect social behaviours)

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5
Q

What are the 4 levels of explanation in social psychology?

A

1) intrapersonal level (yourself)
2) interpersonal level (two people interaction)
3) intergroup level (group behaviours)
4) Societal level (cultural affects on behaviour)

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6
Q

Freud was the first to draw attention to?

A
  • The study of the unconscious
  • The developmental aspects of personality
  • Talking cures
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7
Q

What did Freud say about the human condition?

A

“Seething cauldron of pleasure seeking instincts”

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8
Q

What are the 3 subsystems involved in Freud’s theory with the unconscious mind?

A

1) ID
2) Ego
3) Superego

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9
Q

What is the ID?

A

The most primitive part of the psyche, most basic urges

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10
Q

What is the ego?

A

Works on the reality principle, tries to satisfy the ID safely

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11
Q

What is the superego?

A

The moral “policeman” of the psyche. Has internalized rules it makes you follow

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12
Q

What are the 4 defense mechanisms?

A

1) Displacement (redirect impulses, more safe)
2) Reaction Formation (wishes go to opposite)
3) Projection (urges projected onto others)
4) Isolation (memory awareness, not emotions)

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13
Q

What are the 5 stages of unconscious conflict?

A

1) Oral stage (0-2)
2) Anal stage (2-4)
3) Phallic stage (4-6): Electra/Oedipus complex
4) Latency stage (6-12)
5) Genital stage (12+)

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14
Q

What are some problems with Freudian theories?

A
  • Never actually studied children
  • Ideas not falsifiable
  • Little experimental evidence to support ideas and what there is, is often flawed
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15
Q

Freud got a lot ______ but he has had a huge ___________ on social psychology today

A

Wrong; influence

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16
Q

What is Crano & Prisilin’s (2006) definition of attitude?

A

“It is a positive or negative reaction towards a stimulus, such as a person, action, object, or concept”

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17
Q

Attitudes determine how we ________ the world and influence our ___________.

A

interpet; behaviours

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18
Q

What are the 3 components associated with attitudes?

A

1) Cognitive
2) Affective
3) Behavioural

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19
Q

What does the likert scale measure?

A

It measures attitues
- Depends on honesty

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20
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

The relationship between attitudes and behaviours

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21
Q

What did Himmelweit (1990) find?

A

Attitudes to capital punishment did not change
- 15 year study

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22
Q

How can attitudes be changed?

A
  • Behavioural changes
  • Credible sources (attractive, likeable, trust)
  • Quick, long & without hesitation message
  • Approached when happy or a sunny day
  • Emotional appeals
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23
Q

What did Heider (1958) investigate?

A

The differences between internal and external attributions towards something/someone

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24
Q

Couples who experience marital distress tend to attribute their partners _______ behaviours to ________ characteristics

A

Negative; internal

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25
Q

What did Frey & Rogner (1987) find?

A

Following incidents individuals who thought they were to blame took longer to recover than those who thought they weren’t to blame

26
Q

What is optimistic attributional style?

A

Positive events = internal, stable, global
Negative events = external, unstable, specific

27
Q

What is pessimistic attributional style?

A

Positive events = external, stable, specific
Negative events = internal issues

28
Q

What are the two motivational basis’s of attribution?

A
  • Self esteem
  • Control
29
Q

If we attribute our successes to our ________ characteristics we may believe we are in ________

A

Internal; control

30
Q

If we attribute our positive or successful outcomes to ________ qualities we can achieve and maintain ____-________

A

Internal; self-esteem

31
Q

What is victim blame?

A

An example of the negative effects of the control function

32
Q

What are the 4 levels of analysis?

A

1) Intrapersonal level
2) Interpersonal level
3) Intergroup level
4) Societal level

33
Q

“Mr Brown is always hostile to you” is an example of?

A

Consistency

34
Q

“Other people are normally hostile to you”

A

Consensus

35
Q

What is the actor-observer effect?

A
  • People tend to attribute the causes of their own actions to external factors
  • They tend to attribute the cause of other actions to internal causes
36
Q

What is the self-serving bias?

A

People taking credit for their successes but not their failures

37
Q

What is the mere exposure effect? (Zajonc)

A

The repeated exposure to a stimulus (people, music, languages etc) making it more appealing

38
Q

Men of all sexual orientations focused on the ________ attractiveness of potential partners

A

Physical

39
Q

Women of all sexual orientations focused on the __________ characteristics of potential partners

A

Psychological

40
Q

What are the benefits of attractiveness?

A
  • Adults are less aggressive towards attractive children
  • Higher rates of employment if attractive
  • Better grades in attractive students
41
Q

What is the drive theory of facilitation?

A

The presence of others leads to increased arousal

42
Q

Our performance is ___________ if our dominant response is ____________

A

Enhanced; appropriate

43
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

The idea that as a group size increases individual responsibility decreases

44
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

How the presence of other people can have bizarre or negative effects

45
Q

People will ____ other people if __________ to do so

A

Hurt; ordered

46
Q

What was the focus of the Stanford prison experiment?

A

To examine how social roles affected individuals

47
Q

Who instigated the Stanford prison experiment and in what year?

A

Philip Zimbardo (1970’s)

48
Q

Why did the Stanford Prison experiment have to be stopped?

A

The participants acting as guards became increasingly aggressive towards the participants who were the prisoners.

49
Q

What does the outcome of the Stanford Prison experiment suggest?

A

It suggests that ordinary people can be transformed by their immediate context to perform brutal acts

50
Q

Who instigated the Milgram’s obedience study?

A

Stanley Milgram (1960s)

51
Q

What was the focus of the Milgram’s obedience study?

A

To examine how people from a advanced Western culture could come to murder millions of innocent people during the holocaust

52
Q

What does the outcome of the Milgram’s obedience study show?

A

It found that people do not blindly follow others. People either obey (because they agree) or disobey (question authority)

53
Q

What is prejudice?

A

“The holding of derogatory attitudes or beliefs, the expression of negative affect or the display of hostile or discriminatory behaviour towards members of a group on account of their membership in that group”
- Brown & Lepore (1996)

54
Q

You can still _____ someone but be sexist, homophobic, or ______

A

Love; racist

55
Q

What is the Authoritarian personality?

A

“Overly differential to those in authority whilst hostile towards those perceived as inferior”
- Adorno et al (1950)

56
Q

Aggression is a ________ behaviour. This undercuts the ________ ideas

A

Learned; Freudian

57
Q

What is Realistic Conflict Theory?

A

Competition causes people to be more prejudice than usual. Leads to people adapting attitudes compatible with their group.

58
Q

What did Sherif investigate?

A

How hostility and harmony developed between two group of young boys on camp when competing against each other and not competing

59
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm?

A

A scientific attempt to create an “empty environment” where researchers could then systematically add variables that would elicit discrimination

60
Q

Research shows that people show __________ against those who belong to _________ groups from themselves

A

Discrimination; different

PSYC112 EXAM PREP (2 decks)

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