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PSYC112 EXAM PREP > PSYCHOPATHOLGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOPATHOLGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychopathology?

A

The study of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Where does NZ’s outlook on psychopathology stem from?

A

It originates from the UK and USA

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3
Q

What is the NZ mental health survey about? Te Rau Hinengaro?

A
  • Better understanding of MAJOR MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS in NZ
  • Understanding the BARRIERS to healthcare
  • Understanding how DISABILITY is associated with disorders
  • Mental health in understudied POPULATIONS (Maori and Pacific Islands)
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4
Q

What is Well et al (2006) findings?

A
  • 40% of NZers met the criteria for at least 1 disorder
  • Age differences between disorder rates
  • Differences in health service usage
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5
Q

How do we define disorders?

A

A least 2 of the following:
- infrequency
- distress
- deviance
- disability
- danger

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6
Q

What are the 3 components used to classify a disorder?

A

1) Psychological dysfunction
2) Distress of impairment
3) Atypical response

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7
Q

What are the two systems used to classify disorders?

A

1) DSM-5-TR (2022)
2) ICD-11 (2022)

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8
Q

What behaviours is anxiety associated with?

A
  • Distress
  • Danger
  • Disability
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9
Q

Anxiety is ______ focused issue about an anticipated _______?

A

future; threat

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10
Q

What happens cognitively due to anxiety?

A
  • thoughts increase
  • worries increase
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11
Q

What happens physiologically due to anxiety>

A
  • Heart rate increase
  • Sweating increases
  • Stomach processes decrease
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12
Q

What happens behaviourally due to anxiety?

A
  • Avoidance of the stimuli increases
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13
Q

Anxiety triggers the fight of ______ response which is part of the __________ nervous system

A

Flight; sympathetic

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14
Q

What are some types of anxiety disorder?

A
  • Phobia (social, separation, specific anxieties)
  • Panic disorders
  • Generalised anxiety disorder
  • Agoraphobia (need to escape situation)
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15
Q

What are some causes of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Learning processes
  • Cognitive processes
  • Genetics
  • Personality
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16
Q

What does the Biomedical approach focus on with disorders?

A
  • Whether it is a disease
  • How it changes physical functioning
  • Prescribing medication of surgery to fix issue
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17
Q

What does the Psychological approach focus on with disorders?

A
  • The thoughts & behaviours of the person
  • Try’s to changes interactions with thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
  • Prescribes therapy to person
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18
Q

What is psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • How psychodynamic processes affect someone’s functioning with a specific focus on the past and dreams
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19
Q

What is behavoural therapy?

A
  • To enable clients to identify the behaviours which are the cause of a disorder. Focuses on reinforcement not punishment
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20
Q

What is cognitive therapy?

A
  • To enable clients to identify and address intrusive thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions
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21
Q

A ________ treatment process is best for anxiety and _____________

A

Combined; depression

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22
Q

Personality disorders are usually linked to what age?

A

Childhood or adolescence

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23
Q

What are some components of personality disorders?

A
  • Difficulties in social interactions
  • Intense or reduced emotional or behavioural disorders
  • Inflexible thinking patterns
  • Impulsive behaviours
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24
Q

What is Cluster A personality disorders like? Give examples of some:

A

Cluster A is described as ODD
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder

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25
Q

What is Cluster B personality disorders like? Give examples of some:

A

Cluster B is described as DRAMATIC
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Narcissistic personality disorder

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26
Q

What is Cluster C personality disorders like? Give examples of some:

A

Cluster C is described as ANXIOUS
- Avoidant personality disorder
- Dependent personality disorder
- Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

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27
Q

What are the causes of personality disorders?

A
  • Genetics
  • Childhood experiences (invalidating environments, parents)
  • Individual temperament
28
Q

Are neurodevelopmental disorders present in kids?

A

Yes

29
Q

What are some difficulties with personality disorder treatments?

A
  • Takes a long time
  • Therapy is difficult
  • Poor research in this area
  • High stigma levels
30
Q

When can neurodevelopmental disorders be diagnosed?

A

They can be diagnosed at any age, often adulthood

31
Q

What are the 3 key features of neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

1) During the DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD
2) GENETIC of biological cause
3) Occur across a LIFESPAN

32
Q

What are some neurodevelopmental disorders?

A
  • Intellectual disorders
  • Learning disorders
  • Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • ADHD
33
Q

How are neurodevelopmental disorders treated?

A
  • Psychoeducation
  • Developing skills with entire whanau
  • Support services
  • Medications
34
Q

What were the Ball et al (2022) findings?

A
  • Alcohol is the most used substance in NZ
  • Decrease in overall substance usage, not to do with increased usage of phones however
  • Differentiation in usage due to age (young VS old)
35
Q

What are some treatments for substance abuse?

A
  • Motivational interviewing
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy
  • Programmes like AA (Alcoholics Anonymous)
36
Q

What is psychosis?

A

When you have difficulty distinguishing what is real and what is not. Causes an increase in distress levels

37
Q

What are causes of psychosis?

A
  • Psychological disorders
  • Major stress
  • Drug usage
38
Q

What are symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Must be at least 2 of the following:
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganised speech
- Catatonia (Abnormal movements)

39
Q

What are causes of Schizophrenia?

A
  • Brain disorder
  • Birth month (winter VS spring)
  • Pregnancy of birth complications
40
Q

How is Schizophrenia treated?

A
  • Anti psychotic medicines (effective but high high side effects)
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy
41
Q

What are barriers to psychosis care in Aotearoa?

A
  • Geography
  • Stigma
42
Q

What is Bipolar disorder?

A
  • High and low moods
  • Can have aspects of psychosis
  • Two types of Bipolar (1 & 2)
43
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder 1?

A
  • Depressive lows to manic highs (full blown)
44
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder 2?

A
  • Depressive lows to hypomanic (not as full blown as Bipolar 1)
45
Q

What are Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) symptoms?

A
  • Low moods, loss of interest or pleasure
  • Weight loss of gain
  • Sleep and energy difficulties
  • Changes to motor movements
  • Feelings of worthlessness
  • Difficulties with concentration
  • Thoughts of self harm
46
Q

Cause of Major Depressive Disorders (MDD)?

A
  • Genetic
  • Environmental
47
Q

Treatments of Major Depressive Disorders (MDD)?

A
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy
  • Medications
48
Q

What is Beck’s theory for depression (MDD)?

A

Negative thoughts/beliefs about:
- Self
- World
- Future

49
Q

What is insomnia?

A

The dissatisfaction with all aspects of sleep for at least 3 months minimum which causes distress

50
Q

What are the causes of insomnia?

A
  • Physical health (pain, sleep obstruction)
  • Psychological (anxiety, worry, stress)
  • Poor sleep hygiene
51
Q

What are treatments for insomnia?

A
  • Identify the cause of poor sleep and then either remove or change it
  • Medications
  • Psychological intervention
52
Q

Stress is our bodies ________ to a ________ or a threat

A

Response; demand

53
Q

Short term stress can be _________ and _________

A

Normal; helpful

54
Q

What are symptoms of stress?

A
  • Headaches, muscle tension
  • Feeling anxious
  • Changes in diet
  • Upset stomach
  • Poor sleep
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Sickness
55
Q

What are long-term stress treatments?

A
  • Life style change
  • Focus on your values
  • Relaxation & mindfulness activities
  • Assertive skill training
  • Setting boundaries
  • Problem solving
56
Q

What were the findings of Hitana et al (2020)?

A
  • Centres indigenous voices about the treatments of stress and other mental health disorders. It bust many myths surrounding issues and focused on real barriers in communities
57
Q

What were the findings of Fa’alogo-lilo (2021)?

A
  • explored barriers within the pacific community
  • Focused on peoples words
  • Collection of rich, influential voices used
58
Q

What is the average age of an eating disorder onset in New Zealand?

A

17 years old

59
Q

What are the 5 binge eating disorder criteria?

A

1) Recurrent episodes of binge eating
2) Three or more of –> (more rapidly, uncomfortably ill, not physically hungry, hiding it, feeling guilty)
3) Distress regarding binge eating
4) At least once a week for 3 months minimum
5) No regular usage of other behaviours

60
Q

Many people with _____ eating disorders treat being ____________ as a disorder due to its _______

A

Binge; overweight; stigma

61
Q

What is the “normal” weight range according to BMI?

A

18.6 - 24.9 BMI

62
Q

What is the criteria for Bulimia Nervosa?

A
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
  • Purging and/or fasting
  • 3 months minimum of this occuring
  • Due to body weight/shape
63
Q

What is the criteria for Anorexia Nervosa?

A
  • Energy intake restriction
  • Intense fear of gaining weight
  • Denial of seriousness
  • Perceive their body weight/shape different to others
  • Body weight/shape affects their self-concept
64
Q

What is the criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A
  • Perceived “defect” in physical appearance
  • Repetitive thoughts or behaviours (mirror checks)
  • Preoccupation causes distress and impacts social life or work
  • No eating disorder involved
65
Q

How do the 4 pillars of Te Whare tapa wha impact disorders?

A

Whanau: Family therapy & inpatient services
Tinana: Nourishing the body & brain
Wairua: Values work
Hinengaro: Cognitive therapy

PSYC112 EXAM PREP (2 decks)

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