PSYCHOPATHOLGY Flashcards
1
Q
What is Psychopathology?
A
The study of psychological disorders
2
Q
Where does NZ’s outlook on psychopathology stem from?
A
It originates from the UK and USA
3
Q
What is the NZ mental health survey about? Te Rau Hinengaro?
A
- Better understanding of MAJOR MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS in NZ
- Understanding the BARRIERS to healthcare
- Understanding how DISABILITY is associated with disorders
- Mental health in understudied POPULATIONS (Maori and Pacific Islands)
4
Q
What is Well et al (2006) findings?
A
- 40% of NZers met the criteria for at least 1 disorder
- Age differences between disorder rates
- Differences in health service usage
5
Q
How do we define disorders?
A
A least 2 of the following:
- infrequency
- distress
- deviance
- disability
- danger
6
Q
What are the 3 components used to classify a disorder?
A
1) Psychological dysfunction
2) Distress of impairment
3) Atypical response
7
Q
What are the two systems used to classify disorders?
A
1) DSM-5-TR (2022)
2) ICD-11 (2022)
8
Q
What behaviours is anxiety associated with?
A
- Distress
- Danger
- Disability
9
Q
Anxiety is ______ focused issue about an anticipated _______?
A
future; threat
10
Q
What happens cognitively due to anxiety?
A
- thoughts increase
- worries increase
11
Q
What happens physiologically due to anxiety>
A
- Heart rate increase
- Sweating increases
- Stomach processes decrease
12
Q
What happens behaviourally due to anxiety?
A
- Avoidance of the stimuli increases
13
Q
Anxiety triggers the fight of ______ response which is part of the __________ nervous system
A
Flight; sympathetic
14
Q
What are some types of anxiety disorder?
A
- Phobia (social, separation, specific anxieties)
- Panic disorders
- Generalised anxiety disorder
- Agoraphobia (need to escape situation)
15
Q
What are some causes of anxiety disorders?
A
- Learning processes
- Cognitive processes
- Genetics
- Personality
16
Q
What does the Biomedical approach focus on with disorders?
A
- Whether it is a disease
- How it changes physical functioning
- Prescribing medication of surgery to fix issue
17
Q
What does the Psychological approach focus on with disorders?
A
- The thoughts & behaviours of the person
- Try’s to changes interactions with thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
- Prescribes therapy to person
18
Q
What is psychodynamic therapy?
A
- How psychodynamic processes affect someone’s functioning with a specific focus on the past and dreams
19
Q
What is behavoural therapy?
A
- To enable clients to identify the behaviours which are the cause of a disorder. Focuses on reinforcement not punishment
20
Q
What is cognitive therapy?
A
- To enable clients to identify and address intrusive thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions
21
Q
A ________ treatment process is best for anxiety and _____________
A
Combined; depression
22
Q
Personality disorders are usually linked to what age?
A
Childhood or adolescence
23
Q
What are some components of personality disorders?
A
- Difficulties in social interactions
- Intense or reduced emotional or behavioural disorders
- Inflexible thinking patterns
- Impulsive behaviours
24
Q
What is Cluster A personality disorders like? Give examples of some:
A
Cluster A is described as ODD
- Paranoid personality disorder
- Schizoid personality disorder
- Schizotypal personality disorder
25
What is Cluster B personality disorders like? Give examples of some:
Cluster B is described as DRAMATIC
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Narcissistic personality disorder
26
What is Cluster C personality disorders like? Give examples of some:
Cluster C is described as ANXIOUS
- Avoidant personality disorder
- Dependent personality disorder
- Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
27
What are the causes of personality disorders?
- Genetics
- Childhood experiences (invalidating environments, parents)
- Individual temperament
28
Are neurodevelopmental disorders present in kids?
Yes
29
What are some difficulties with personality disorder treatments?
- Takes a long time
- Therapy is difficult
- Poor research in this area
- High stigma levels
30
When can neurodevelopmental disorders be diagnosed?
They can be diagnosed at any age, often adulthood
31
What are the 3 key features of neurodevelopmental disorders?
1) During the DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD
2) GENETIC of biological cause
3) Occur across a LIFESPAN
32
What are some neurodevelopmental disorders?
- Intellectual disorders
- Learning disorders
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- ADHD
33
How are neurodevelopmental disorders treated?
- Psychoeducation
- Developing skills with entire whanau
- Support services
- Medications
34
What were the Ball et al (2022) findings?
- Alcohol is the most used substance in NZ
- Decrease in overall substance usage, not to do with increased usage of phones however
- Differentiation in usage due to age (young VS old)
35
What are some treatments for substance abuse?
- Motivational interviewing
- Cognitive behavioural therapy
- Programmes like AA (Alcoholics Anonymous)
36
What is psychosis?
When you have difficulty distinguishing what is real and what is not. Causes an increase in distress levels
37
What are causes of psychosis?
- Psychological disorders
- Major stress
- Drug usage
38
What are symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Must be at least 2 of the following:
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganised speech
- Catatonia (Abnormal movements)
39
What are causes of Schizophrenia?
- Brain disorder
- Birth month (winter VS spring)
- Pregnancy of birth complications
40
How is Schizophrenia treated?
- Anti psychotic medicines (effective but high high side effects)
- Cognitive behavioural therapy
41
What are barriers to psychosis care in Aotearoa?
- Geography
- Stigma
42
What is Bipolar disorder?
- High and low moods
- Can have aspects of psychosis
- Two types of Bipolar (1 & 2)
43
What is Bipolar Disorder 1?
- Depressive lows to manic highs (full blown)
44
What is Bipolar Disorder 2?
- Depressive lows to hypomanic (not as full blown as Bipolar 1)
45
What are Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) symptoms?
- Low moods, loss of interest or pleasure
- Weight loss of gain
- Sleep and energy difficulties
- Changes to motor movements
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Difficulties with concentration
- Thoughts of self harm
46
Cause of Major Depressive Disorders (MDD)?
- Genetic
- Environmental
47
Treatments of Major Depressive Disorders (MDD)?
- Cognitive behavioural therapy
- Medications
48
What is Beck's theory for depression (MDD)?
Negative thoughts/beliefs about:
- Self
- World
- Future
49
What is insomnia?
The dissatisfaction with all aspects of sleep for at least 3 months minimum which causes distress
50
What are the causes of insomnia?
- Physical health (pain, sleep obstruction)
- Psychological (anxiety, worry, stress)
- Poor sleep hygiene
51
What are treatments for insomnia?
- Identify the cause of poor sleep and then either remove or change it
- Medications
- Psychological intervention
52
Stress is our bodies ________ to a ________ or a threat
Response; demand
53
Short term stress can be _________ and _________
Normal; helpful
54
What are symptoms of stress?
- Headaches, muscle tension
- Feeling anxious
- Changes in diet
- Upset stomach
- Poor sleep
- Difficulty concentrating
- Sickness
55
What are long-term stress treatments?
- Life style change
- Focus on your values
- Relaxation & mindfulness activities
- Assertive skill training
- Setting boundaries
- Problem solving
56
What were the findings of Hitana et al (2020)?
- Centres indigenous voices about the treatments of stress and other mental health disorders. It bust many myths surrounding issues and focused on real barriers in communities
57
What were the findings of Fa'alogo-lilo (2021)?
- explored barriers within the pacific community
- Focused on peoples words
- Collection of rich, influential voices used
58
What is the average age of an eating disorder onset in New Zealand?
17 years old
59
What are the 5 binge eating disorder criteria?
1) Recurrent episodes of binge eating
2) Three or more of --> (more rapidly, uncomfortably ill, not physically hungry, hiding it, feeling guilty)
3) Distress regarding binge eating
4) At least once a week for 3 months minimum
5) No regular usage of other behaviours
60
Many people with _____ eating disorders treat being ____________ as a disorder due to its _______
Binge; overweight; stigma
61
What is the "normal" weight range according to BMI?
18.6 - 24.9 BMI
62
What is the criteria for Bulimia Nervosa?
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Purging and/or fasting
- 3 months minimum of this occuring
- Due to body weight/shape
63
What is the criteria for Anorexia Nervosa?
- Energy intake restriction
- Intense fear of gaining weight
- Denial of seriousness
- Perceive their body weight/shape different to others
- Body weight/shape affects their self-concept
64
What is the criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
- Perceived "defect" in physical appearance
- Repetitive thoughts or behaviours (mirror checks)
- Preoccupation causes distress and impacts social life or work
- No eating disorder involved
65
How do the 4 pillars of Te Whare tapa wha impact disorders?
Whanau: Family therapy & inpatient services
Tinana: Nourishing the body & brain
Wairua: Values work
Hinengaro: Cognitive therapy
