Social Psychology Flashcards
Ch. 16
Social Psychologists
study the connections of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
Attribution Theory
we attribute someone’s actions to either their disposition (how they are) or their situation
Fundamental Attribution Theory
we put too much weight into the person’s disposition, and not enough into their surroundings
Actor-Observer Effect
The tendency to attribute our own behavior mainly to situational causes but the behavior of others mainly to internal (dispositional) causes.
Self-Serving Bias
tendency to attribute success to internal effects (being smart, working hard) and failures to external effects (saying the test was unfair)
Attitudes
feelings that drive us to respond to a situation, person, or event in a certain way
Central Route of Persuasion
a change-of-attitude where people evaluate arguments and respond with favorable thought
Peripheral Route of Persuasion
a change-of-attitude where people are influenced by quick cues and make quick judgments (kate upton eating Hardees)
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
a person goes along with a small requests, he or she will go along with bigger requests.
Cognitive Dissonance
thinking one thing and doing another
Conformity
fitting in with a social norm
Normative Social Influence
we conform because we do want to be rejected
Informational Social Influence
we conform because we believe what others say
Compliance
going along with what someone says
Obedience
obeying the directions of an authority figure
Social Facilitation
better performance when someone is watching
Social Inhibition
worse performance when someone is watching
Social Loafing
giving less effort in a group
Deindividuation
giving up normal restraints in a crowd (cussing and screaming at sports games)
Bystander Effect
if there are several people present during an emergency, we’re less likely to take action.
Group Polarization
differences between two groups will widen as time passes.
Groupthink
everyone in the group quietly goes along with the others to keep harmony
Culture
shared attitudes, behaviors, values and traditions
Cultural Norms
social expectations of behavior
Prejudice
feelings against people of different backgrounds
Stereotypes
generalizations made about an entire group of people
Discrimination
actions taken against people of a different background
Ingroup
those on the inside of a social circle
Outgroup
those who are not in the ingroup
Ingroup Bias
the “us vs them” mentality
Scapegoat Theory
blaming an entire group of people for ones problems
Other-Race Effect
viewing other races as if “they all look the same”
Just-World Phenomenon
the belief that good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished
Mere Exposure Effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases how much we like it
Halo Effect
we only see the good in people that we like
Passionate Love
brought on by sexual arousal
Compassionate Love
deeper love that lasts
Equity
This is where both the man and woman help out one another
Self-Disclosure
revealing our innermost desires and dreams to our spouse
Altruism
putting others before ourselves
Social Exchange Theory
we help others if we weigh the costs and benefits and the benefits outweigh the costs.
Reciprocity Norm
we should give help (not harm) to those who’ve helped us.
Social-Responsibility Norm
we should help those who are in need.
Social Traps
when our self-interest leads us into lose-lose situations.
Prisoner’s Dilemma
Imagine two criminals arrested then held in separate rooms. Under interrogation, each is given a choice, either (A) don’t confess or (B) confess.
1. If person 1 confesses, he gets off easy, especially if person 2 does not confess.
2. If person 2 confesses, he gets off easy, especially if person 1 does not confess.
What usually happens is that both people will confess (they both act in their own best interest). The best option is that neither confesses, but out of fear of “being slammed” by their partner, they do what’s best for themselves and both confess
Mirror Image Perceptions
we tend to view others as evil and untrustworthy and they see us the same way.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
a prediction that verifies itself
Super-ordinate Goals
shared goals that cancel out differences and which can only be achieved through cooperation.
Solomon Asch
came up with conditions that strengthen conformity… Insecurity. -1 Group must have 3+ people. -2 The group is unanimous. -3Someone in the group is admired. -4 No commitment has been made yet. -5 Others watch one another. -6 Your culture values social standards.
Stanley Milgram
Obedience to authority “shock test”
Phillip Zimbardo
came up with Stanford Prison Experiment
Bibb Latane + John Darley
came up with the Bystander Effect
