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AP Psych > Prologue > Flashcards

Prologue Flashcards

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1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

conducted an experiment in December 1879 @ Germany’s University of Leipzig that Measured time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key Seeking to measure the “atoms of the mind” Established the 1st psychology laboratory

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2
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener (of Cornell)

A

aimed to discover the structural elements of the mind via structuralism His method was self-reflective introspection (looking inward) Proved unreliable due to the varying results from person to person and experience to experience

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3
Q

structuralism:

A

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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4
Q

William James

A

studied the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings

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5
Q

functionalism

A

a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

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6
Q

James

A

American philosopher, 1st American professor to solicit end of the course student evaluations of the teacher Hated painstaking chores aka proofreading Admitted Mary Calkins to his Harvard graduate seminar

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7
Q

Mary Calkins

A

admitted to James’ Harvard graduate seminar where she outscored all the male students on the qualifying exams Harvard denied her the degree and she refused the Radcliffe degree Became distinguished memory researcher and APA’s first female president

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8
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

earned Harvard’s first female psychology Ph.D.

Second female APA president and later wrote The Animal Mind

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9
Q

Wundt

A

philosopher/physiologist

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10
Q

Pavlov

A

pioneered study of learning/Russian physiologist

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11
Q

Freud

A

developed influential theory of personality/Austrian physician

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12
Q

Piaget

A

observer of children/Swiss biologist

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13
Q

Until 1920s psychology was considered?

A

“the science of mental life”

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14
Q

John B. Watson & B. F. Skinner

A

led psychologists & dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”

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15
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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16
Q

humanistic psychology

A

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth

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17
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

A

were this cognitive neuroscience (humanistic psychology) = the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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18
Q

Today’s definition of psychology

A

science of behavior and mental processes

19
Q

What is psychology’s historic big issue?

A

nature-nurture issue

20
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

21
Q

Plato

A

character and intelligence are largely inherited and certain ideas are inborn

22
Q

Aristotle

A

nothing in the mind does not first come from the external world through senses

23
Q

Locke:

A

mind is a blank sheet on which experience writes

24
Q

Descartes

A

Some ideas are innate

25
Q

natural selection =

A

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations (Darwin)

26
Q

levels of analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-culture, for analyzing any given phenomenon

27
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

28
Q

neuroscience

A

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

29
Q

evolutionary

A

how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes

30
Q

behavior genetics

A

how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

31
Q

psycho-dynamic

A

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

32
Q

behavioral

A

how we learn observable responses

33
Q

cognitive

A

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

34
Q

social-culture:

A

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

35
Q

basic research subfield

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

36
Q

biological subfield

A

explores the links between the brain and the mind

37
Q

developmental subfield

A

studies our changing abilities from womb to tomb

38
Q

cognitive subfield

A

experiments with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

39
Q

personality subfield

A

investigates our persistent traits

social: explores how we view and affect one another

40
Q

industrial/organizational subfield:

A

uses psychology’s concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems

41
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

42
Q

counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

43
Q

clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

44
Q

psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

AP Psych (3 decks)

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