Social Psychological explanations Flashcards
Bandura: social learning Attention - Retention - Reproduction - Motivation
-Aggression = SLT argues agg ARO obs/imitation of aggressive RM. -TF OC/VR (observing outcome of others behaviours) -Bandura: Four essential preconditions: Child must pay attention to aggressive acts of a model they identify with (Attention). -must have cognitive capacity to retain info as schema (Retention). -The observer has to be able to copy the behaviour (Reproduction). -The observer must want to imitate the behaviour (Motivation). -Cognition important; model is ^ admired/valued, whether they themselves are capable and whether a situation is appropriate.
Siegal: Reciprocal determinism (abuse)
-Reinforcement from family ^ prominent source for aggressive BM. -Example of reciprocal determinism; two way relationship between an individual and their environment. -Indicates; boy who watches father attack mother is ^ likely to become abusive parent and husband; theory = ^ mundane realism.
Bandura et al: Bobo doll (empirical support)
-66 nursery children; 3 groups all watch film of an adult hitting a BD. -3 conditions;1 they saw adult model rewarded by a second adult. -2 model was told off for aggressive behaviour. -3 adult model neither rewarded or punished. -Then covertly observed playing in room with bobo dolls. -Found 1 ^ to reproduce AB/ invent novel AB. 2 behaved least Agg. -// distinction must be made between learning and performing. -Shown that 2 didn’t perform aggressive acts until later on in S when agg incentivised. -B clear they learnt as many agg acts as the children in condition 1.
Methodologically flawed (v IV)
-Children felt obliged to act aggressively towards BD = intrinsically pleasing to hit. -Therefore ^ demand characteristics, meaning RWA of this research should be made with caution as internal validity is compromised.
Ethical issue (BPS)
-Unethical and morally wrong: -Children encouraged to agg breaching 1 of BPS ethics guidelines -Ppt should leave exp as they entered it. -AT R = ^ reliable cant account for exploitation of children. // IMO benefits of understanding aggression and RWA application WRT to media it has provided, outweigh the perceived risk to participants.
Mead: SLT universal (Arapesh/Mundungumor)
-Studied NA Arapesh culture, found aggression neither admired, reinforced or modelled by adults. -Mundungumor culture; violence = norm, status dependant on agg, show opposite pattern. -R shows SLT can be applied universally. -// It is argued that biology plays a major role i.e hormonal mech ^ levels of testosterone linked to aggressive behaviour, -such findings cast doubt on aggression being purely a learned behaviour.
Patterson et al: SRM aggressive kids
-Found that RM are key to the development of agg across gender, and that parents are the most important. -Used SRM: distinguished that ^agg kids raised in homes of ^ agg, v affection and v positive feedback. -= Wider academic credibility for effects of SL on aggression. -R suggests SLT has RWA in kids upbringing
Hogg: Deindividuation
-Hogg: DI = loss of social inhibition and self identity, by identifying with particular role. assumes LOID = change normal beh standards. -Exp aggression occurring on a ^ scale groups eg (London riots) -more likely to behave agg when part of a large anonymous group. -collective mindset created, v identifiability and normal constraints prevent aggressive behaviour lost. TF group can become a ‘mob’.
Zimbardo: anonymous lab coat
-Studied female undergraduates. 1: white lab coats with hoods over faces | 2: large name tags. -All ppt observed woman interviewed; evaluated performance by administering electric shocks. -A: there was pleasant interviewee. B: obnoxious interviewee. -2 shocked obnoxious interview ^than pleasant. 1 shocked both =y. -Zimbardo concluded anonymity ^ deindividuation which ^ agg, making it indiscriminate and not at all influenced by individual characteristics.
Johnson: clothing confounding variable
//Conforming to local group norms is mistaken as evidence for DI. -Used the same experimental conditions as Zimbardo; made ppts anon using KKK mask or a nurses uniform. -Found ppt shocked more than CG when wearing KKK masks but less when dressed as nurse. -TF clothing = confounding variable so R must be UWC
Cannavale: population validity
- Gender biased as R; M and F may not respond same way when DI. -Found that M are sig more agg under DI conditions.
- Gender differences exist; findings of studies GWC across genders M and F are neurologically/hormonally different.
Determinism: prosocial crowds
-Idea that agg caused by loosening of inhibitions and PI suggests presence of a group will determine aggressive behaviour. -// this is just not the case, Free will also exercised; not aggressive -EG, recent disaster in Philippines; large anonymous crowds took part in disaster relief, acting in caring and selfless ways. -Crowds can act with V^ moral principles not always irrational agg.
Diener: low EcoV (Halloween)
-Use of Lab R = highly controlled causal relationships. - v EV as situation artificial/not reflect real life. -//R has been carried out in real life which supports DI. -Nat obs 1300 Tr/Tr in U.S: large groups/masks = ^AS beh (stealing) -Situation v possibility of personal identification v moral standards -AT S supports DI theory, OA results inconclusive so GWC to RlAgg
