social psych exam Flashcards
DEFINE PERSUASION
Changing beliefs, attitudes, or behaviour of a target through information or an argument
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF THE COMMUNICATION-PERSUASION PARADIGM
- The Source
- The Message
- The Target
- The Response
WHAT IS CREDIBILITY LINKED TO AND WHAT IS THE HIERARCHY OF CREDIBILITY RANKS
-Credibility is linked to expertise, likability, attractiveness, and trust
-The hierarchy of credibility ranks from: scientists, politicians, activists, and celebrities
***a combination of hierarchy and credibility can = high persuasion. e.g.) hot, nice scientist
HOW DOES THE MESSAGE AFFECT PERSUASION IN THE COMMUNICATION-PERSUASION PARADIGM
-The message can be based on emotion or fact
-discrepancy (difference between current belief and what you’re being persuaded to do); high credibility = high discrepancy
WHAT THE 3 FACTORS INFLUENCE WHETHER THE TARGET IS PERSUADED IN THE COMMUNICATION-PERSUASION PARADIGM
-involvement (caring)
-intelligence
-focus/distraction
HOW DOES THE CENTRAL ROUTE RELATE TO PERSUASION
-think systematically
-focus on argument and respond based on strength or weakness of such
HOW DOES THE PERIPHERAL ROUTE LEAD TO PERSUASION
-implicit
-influenced by incidental cues ex) attractiveness
WHAT IS COMPLIANCE THROUFH PROMISE AND THREAT
-promise: lure of a reward
-threat: punishment
HOW DOES MAGNITUDE AND CREDIBILITY AFFECT COMPLIANCE
-the magnitude of how much something matters
-how credible someone is
WHAT MUST PEOPLE ACCEPT TO OBEY
accept that people have authority and respect it
HOW MANY PEOPLE CONTINUED TO THE END OF MILGRAMS SHOCK/OBEDIENCE EXPERIMENT
65%, no one stopped before 300 volts
WHAT ARE THE FORMS OF RESISTANCE
-Inoculation: target of message exposed to counterarguments
-Forewarning: warning target prior to persuasion
-Reactance/Boomerang effect: persuasion goes too far and creates defiance
WHAT ARE THE 3 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OBEDIENCE
-Explicit sign of authority
-Backing up threats of punishment
-in the chain of command
WHAT IS THE SLEEPER EFFECT
Delayed impact of the message that often causes you to forget the reason for initially discounting it
WHAT IS THE PRIMACY EFFECT
information presented first has most influence
WHAT IS RECENCY EFFECT
information presented last has most influence (but less common than primacy effect)
DEFINE CONFORMITY
circumstances we act/think differently than if we were alone
WHAT ARE THE FORMS OF CONFORMITY
Compliance, obedience, acceptance
DEFINE THE NORMATIVE AND INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCES OF CONFORMITY
Normative: desire to fulfill others’ expectations
Informational: accepting evidence about reality from other people (when we don’t know something)
WHAT IS THE AUTOKINETIC PHENOMENON
Sherif conducted the experiment to see if it was possible to observe social norm in lab settings.
Participants all perceived the light to have moved when it didn’t, but their answers converged to one singular average distance
WHO DEVELOPED ANOMIE THEORY AND WHAT IS IT
-Merton developed it
-people are guided by culturally appropriate goals and means, so there is a strain when it is not attained
WHAT ARE THE 5 MODES OF ADAPTION ACCORDING TO MERTON
Conformity: accept goals and means
Innovation: accept goals and reject means
Ritualism: reject goals and accept means
Retreatism: reject goals and reject means
Rebellion: reject goals and means and replace them
WHAT IS CONTROL THEORY
idea that social control keeps us in line through the strength of social ties
WHAT IS SOCIAL BONDS THEORY AND WHO DEVELOPED IT
-Hirschi developed
-Social bonds impact the likelihood to be deviant
WHAT ARE THE 4 COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL BONDS THEORY (ACIB)
-Attachment
-commitment
-involvement
-belief
WHAT IS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY AND WHO DEVELOPED IT
-Sutherland developed it
-learning criminal behaviour from primary groups and classical conditioning
WHAT IS DIFFERENTIAL IDENTIFICATION THEORY AND WHO DEVELOPED IT
-GLASER
-Can learn from non-significant others which influence criminal behaviour
-ex) media- slenderman influencing girls to stab friend
WHAT IS LABELLING THEORY AND WHO DEVELOPED IT
-Becker
-reactions to deviance and emphasizing rule breaking
-nothing is inherently deviant until we label/perceive it as such
WHAT IS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIANCE
-Primary deviance: the initial act
-secondary deviance: the internalization of a deviant identity (causes label)
WHAT ARE THE TECHNIQUES OF NEUTRALIZATION AND WHAT HAPPENS IF THEY FAIL
-Denial of responsibility
-Denial of injury
-Denial of victim
-Condemning the condemners
-appeal to loyalty
-if they fail we go back to secondary deviance and internalized
WHAT IS INFORMAL LABELLING
-informal rules that are not documented and have control (friend code)
WHAT IS FORMAL LABELLING
-documented labels placed by an institution which leads to formal social control
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
-Striping of previous identity
-Master identity that overpowers all other ones ex) criminal, felon
WHAT ARE THE SOCIETAL BENEFITS FOR FORMAL LABELLING
-pov what not to do
-scapegoat to relieve tension
-community and solidarity
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM CHILD ISSUE WITH FORMAL LABELLING
children diagnosed with problems with the label impacting their lives negatively
PROS AND CONS OF FORMAL LABELLING
pro: getting help
con: master status, all or nothing, self-fulfilling prophecy, stigma, over medication, the right diagnosis
WHAT IS A PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUP
PRIMARY GROUP: HAS STRONG CONNECTIONS, SMALL, AND LONG LASTING
SECONDARY GROUPS: FOMRAL AND IMPERSONAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONG GROUP COHESION
HIGH COMMITMENT
HIGH LOYALTY
NOT INDIVIDUALISTIC
GOOD VIBES
WHAT ARE GROUP NORMS
THE WAY MEMBERS ARE EXPECTED TO ACT
WHEN DOES GROUP CONFORMITY HAPPEN
MAJORITY IS SIGNIFICANT
MEMBERS WANT TO BELONG
WHAT IS GROUP POLARIZATION
TENDANCY TO SHIFT TOWARDS THE EXTREMES OF A DISCUSSION
WHAT IS EVALUATION APPREHENSION
CONCERN FOR HOW OTHERS EVALUATE US
SOCIAL FACILLITATION
DO BETTER IN PRESENCE OF OTHERS WHEN EASY, DO WORSE WHEN HARD
SOCIAL LOAFING
LESS EFFORT IN GROUPS
DEINDIVIDUATION
LOSS OF SELF IN LARGE GROUPS
3 FACTORS OF DEINDIVIDUATION (GPD)
GROUP SIZE
PHYSICAL ANONYMINITY
DISTRACTION
GROUPTHINK (IRVING JANIS)
STRIVE FOR GROUP CONSENSUS CAUSES FAILURE TO THINK CRITICALLY
SYMPTOMS OF GROUPTHINK (IUSD)
ILLUSIONS OF INVULNERABILITY
UNQUESTIONED BELIEFS
SELF-CENSORSHIP
DIRECT PRESSURE
CAUSES OF GROUP THINK
-STRESS
-SIMILARITY
-ISOLATION
-COHESION
WHAT IS PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
ACTIONS THAT ARE BENEFICIAL TO OTHERS AND HAVE POSITIVE OUTCOMES
WHAT IS ALTRUISM
WELL-BEING OF OTHERS IS EQUAL OR GREATER THAN OWN
WHAT IS EGOISM
MOTIVATION TO INCREASE OWN WELLNESS (OPPOSITE OF ALTRUISM)
WHAT IS THE EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
GENETIC TRAIT IMPORTANT FOR SURVIVAL AND THUS PASSED ON
WHAT IS THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NORM
WE MUST HELP THOSE THAT DEPEND ON US
WHAT IS THE NORM OF RECIPROCITY
WE MUST HELPL THOSE WHO HAVE HELPED US
WHAT IS THE SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
COMBINING PSYCH, SOCIOLOGY, AND ECONOMICS TO UNDERSTAND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS (COST-BENEFIT)
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BYSTANDER INTERVENTION
SEE THE SITUAITON
AN EMERGENCY
PERSONAL RESPONSIBILIT
DECISION
SMALL # OF BYSTANDERS
SIMILARITY
WHAT IS INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
INJURE IN PURSUIT OF ANOTHER GOAL
WHAT IS HOSTILE AGGRESSION
AIMS TO INJURE
WHAT ARE SOCIAL SCRIPTS
CULTURALLY PROVIDED MENTAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR HOW TO ACT IN SITUATIONS
TRUE OR FALSE: INSTINCTUAL AGGRESSION ESSENTIAL TO SPECIES SURVIVAL
TRUE
WHAT IS TJE FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
EVERY FRUSTRATION LEADS TO AGGRESSION
EVER AGGRESSIVE ACT IS FROM FRUSTRATION
WHAT IS AVERSE EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS AROUSED AND THEN REGUCED
TARGETS OF AGGRESSION
GENDER
RACE
INTENT
RETALIATION
